Skeletal system Flashcards
is the one thing that all mammals, reptiles,
amphibians, birds, fish, insects and humans have in common.
skeleton
are the ones that gives the body support,
structure, the ability to move
Skeletal system
It protects the organ, reduces blood cells, and maintains
electrolytes and acid-based minerals
Skeletal system
has a function of building up the bones
anatomy; bones, cartilage and ligaments.
Skeletal system
Technically organs due to containing more than one type of
tissue
Bones
Mostly made up of OSSEOUS (BONE) TISSUE. Along with
the cartilage, muscle, nervous and epithelial tissues
bones
regulates bone formation and gives protection against
glucose and tolerant Diabetes
OSTEOCALCIN
process in blood cell production generated in
the bone marrows.
Hematopoiesis-
The body has ___ bones at birth and ___ bones as an
adult.
270 and 206
Bone Types
bone types include flat, long short, sesamoid, and
irregular.
longer than it is wide with clubby ends
o Example: arms, legs, fingers and toes
Long bone
not longer than they ae wide
o Example: wrist bones and proximal foot bones
Short Bone
flat and looks like a sheet of modelling clay that
molds onto an object
o Example: cranial bones, (skull, and ribs)
Flat Bone
does not fit into any other categories.
o Example: vertebrae
Irregular Bones
attach muscle to the bone
Tendons
attach bone to bone.
Ligaments
looks like sesame seeds, helps protect
tendons
o Examples: Patella or Kneecaps
Sesamoid Bones
Consists of 80 bones comprising the (skull, cage and
vertebral column
The AXIAL SKELETON
Consists of CRANIAL BONE, FACIAL BONE, SPINAL
COLUMN, STERNUM AND RIBS, HYOID BONE
The AXIAL SKELETON
bony structure housing the brain having EIGHT (8)
CRANIAL BONES
CRANIUM
Join together at the top of the head
to form the top and sides of the cranial cavity.
Parietal bones (2 bones)
Forms the rear of the skull.
Occipital bone (1 bone)
Form the sides of the cranium
and part of the cranial floor;
Temporal bones (2 bones)
an opening into the ear
External auditory meatus
a prominent lump behind the ear
Mastoid process
cheekbone
Zygomatic arch
serves as an attachment point for several
neck muscles
Styloid process
Forms the forehead and the roof of the eye sockets (orbits).
Frontal bone (1 bone)
Forms a key part of the cranial floor
as well as the floor and side walls of the
orbits.
Sphenoid bone (1 bone)
Contributes to the walls of the orbits,
the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum.
Ethmoid bone (1 bone):
allows the passage of blood vessels
and nerves
Foramina (Foramen)
allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial
activity.
Foramen Magnum
located in occipital
bones’ posterior which is larger in males.
External Occipital Protuberance
irregular bones that form the
majority of the cranial activity floor.
Ethmoid & Sphenoid
perforated with many holes and allows
nerve endings to have access to the nasal cavity for the
sense of smell.
Cribriform Plate
lateral bony ridge.
Conchae
found inside the sphenoid that looks like a
Turkish saddle that helps protect the pituitary glands.
Sella Turcica
bones of the face
14
They support the teeth, provide an
attachment point for the muscles used in chewing and for
facial expression, form part of the nasal and orbital cavities,
FACIAL BONES
These bones meet to form the
upper jaw.
Maxillae (2 bones)
These bones shape
the cheeks and form the outer edge of the orbit.
Zygomatic bones (2 bones)
This is the largest and
strongest bone of the face. It articulates with the
temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), making it
the only facial bone that can move.
Mandible (1 bone)
These paper-thin
bones form part of the side wall of the orbit.
Lacrimal bones (2 bones)
These rectangular bones
form the bridge of the nose; the rest of the nose is shaped by cartilage.
Nasal bones (2 bones)
The conchae
bones (singular: concha) contribute to the nasal
cavity.
Inferior nasal conchae (2 bones):
This small bone forms the inferior
half of the nasal septum. (The superior half is
❖ formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
bone.)
Vomer (1 bone)
These bones form the
posterior portion of the hard palate, part of the wall of
the nasal cavity, and part of the floor of the orbit.
Palatine bones (2 bones)
A U-shaped bone that sits between the
chin and the larynx. The hyoid bone—which is the only
bone that
doesn’t articulate with any other bone—serves as an
attachment point for muscles that control the tongue,
mandible, and larynx
HYOID BONE
forms cavities of the frontal, ethmoid,
sphenoid and maxilla, and is filled with air that helps
warm and moisten inspired air. In addition, it gives
resonance to the voice
Sinuses
An adult is composed of 26 bones containing
the sacrum, coccyx, 7 cervical vertebrae, 12
thoracic vertebrae and 5 lumbar vertebrae
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
allows the spinal cords to
pass through the vertebra and spinal nerves exit the
spinal cord
Vertebral Foramen
disk located between the
vertebrae by fibrocartilage, and supports the body
weight acts as shock absorbers
Intervertebral Disk
have typical foramina in the transverse processes,
where the vertebral arteries passes through to the head.
Cervical Vertebrae (C1- C7)
Named for the Greek god who carried
the world on his shoulders, the role of the first cervical
vertebra is
to support the skull.
C1 (ATLAS)
has a
projection called the dens or odontoid process.
C2 (AXIS)
These bones form a cone shaped cage that surrounds and protects the heart and lungs and provides an attachment point for the pectoral girdle (shoulder) and upper limbs.
thoracic cage
commonly called “hunchback,” is an exaggerated abnormal curvature
of the thoracic vertebrae.
Kyphosis,
The most common abnormal curvature is
scoliosis.
commonly called “swayback,” is an exaggerated curvature of the lumbar vertebrae,
often associated with obesity and pregnancy.
Lordosis
This allows you to turn your head to the right or left.
Axis
The 12 thoracic vertebrae are distinctive because they are the
only vertebrae in the body that have smooth surfaces called
costal facets.
vertebrae that are the most massive because
they support the weight of the body.
Lumbar vertebrae
complete the inferior end of the
spinal column
Sacrum and coccyx
is composed
of five separate bones in a fetus that fuse
to become one bone in an adult.
Sacrum
is composed of four to five bones
in a fetus that fuse to become one bone
in an adult.
Coccyx
is a flat bone
composed of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid
process
sternum
in a sternum, This is the broadest portion; the suprasternal
notch (at the top of the manubrium between the two clavicles)
is easily palpated.
Manubrium
This is the longest portion; it joins the manubrium at the sternal angle (also called the angle of Louis), which is also the location of the second rib.
Body
An important landmark for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the xiphoid process provides an attachment point for some abdominal muscles.
Xiphoid process
Twelve pairs of ___ attach to the vertebral column.
ribs
called true ribs
Ribs 1 to 7
attach to the sternum by a strip
of hyaline cartilage called costal cartilage.
Ribs 1 to 7
Pairs 8 through 12 are considered
false ribs
share a
costal cartilage to connect to the sternum.
pairs 8 through 10
are considered to
be false floating ribs because they are
not connected to the sternum.
Pairs 11 and 12
bones attach the arm bones to the
axial skeleton
pectoral girdle
bones attach the leg bones to
the axial skeleton
pelvic girdle
is composed of the bones of the limbs
and the bones (called girdles) that attach each limb to the axial
skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
– composed of hyaline cartilage
connective tissue
COSTAL CARTILAGES
The lower edges of the thoracic cage are called the
costal margins
Are larger and
heavier than vertebral bodies in other regions
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE (L1 to L5)
– is a slightly S-shaped bone, the clavicle
articulates with the sternum and the scapula and helps
support the shoulder.
Clavicle
located on the posterior portion of the thorax;
lies over ribs 2 to 7. The lateral portion of this triangle-shaped
bone has three main features.
Scapula
This extension of the scapula
articulates with the clavicle; it is the only point where the arm
and the
scapula attach to the rest of the skeleton. T
The acromion process
This finger-like process provides a
point of attachment for some of the muscles of the arm.
The coracoid process
This shallow socket articulates with the
head of the humerus (upper arm bone).
The glenoid cavity
located at the proximal end of the humerus. It articulates with
the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Head
These are attachment points for muscles by tendons.
Greater and lesser tubercles
are rough areas on
a bone that serve as attachment points of muscles by
tendons. This tuberosity is an attachment point for the
deltoid muscle
Tuberosities
is a rounded
smooth surface on the distal end of the bone. It articulates
with the radius, which you will read about shortly.
capitulum
is a pulley-shaped smooth surface on the distal end of the humerus.
It articulates with the ulna, which you will also read about
shortly
trochlea
are smooth bone surfaces that articulate with another bone
at a joint
Condyles
are rough bumps
usually to the side of the condyles that work as attachment
points for muscles by tendons. You will need to be able to
determine medial from lateral epicondyles, as this will be
very relevant when you study muscles in the muscular system chapter.
Epicondyles
is a depression in a bone.
fossa
is a long bone of the forearm
Radius
is the long bone of the upper arm. It contains
these features:
HUMERUS
– is located on the same side as the thumb.
RADIUS
is the other bone of the lower arm; it is longer than the
radius
ulna
connects the radius and ulna
along the length of the two bones
Interosseous membrane
8 short bones in the wrist
Carpals
5 long bones that makes up the palm
Metacarpals
8 carpal bones
The scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform,
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
14 long bones that make up the fingers,
phalanges
Each of the two large bones of the hip is called an
ossa
coxae/ coxal bone or innominate bone
A large, flaring section you can feel under the skin.
Ilium
The lower posterior portion.
Pubis: The most anterior portion that joint
Ischium
The third bone of the pelvic girdle, the
pubis, is the most anterior bone. Together these three bones form a
lateral feature called the
acetabulum
is the most anterior bone.
pubis
The most anterior portion that joins with the other pubis
at the symphysis pubis, a disc of cartilage that separates the
two pubic bones.
pubis
The combination of the os coxae and the sacrum
is known as the
pelvis
extends between what’s known as the pelvic
brim.
true pelvis
is the lower edge of the true pelvis.
pelvic outlet
passageway through which an infant enters the world;
pelvic outlet
extends between the outer, flaring edges of
the iliac bone
false pelvis
connects the fibrocartilage at a joint called the
Pubic Symphysis.
Pelvic Girdles
The longest and strongest bone in the body, the
femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form a
balls and-socket joint.
FEMUR
Commonly known as the kneecap
PATELLA
The long and slender ____ resides alongside the
tibia and helps stabilize the ankle. It does not bear any weight.
fibula
Of the two bones in the lower leg, the tibia is the only
one that bears weight
tibia
which are numbered
I through V, beginning medially—form the middle portion
of the foot.
METATARSALS
The ____ bones comprise the ankle.
Tarsal
The second-largest tarsal bone is the
Talus
The largest tarsal bone is the
calcaneus
the study of microscopic anatomy
of cells and tissues
Histology
the study of bones
Osteology
is a dynamin tissue that is highly calcified, solid,
rigid connective tissue
BONE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
builds a bone tissue by forming a
soft matrix of protein and carbohydrate
molecules with hard mineral crystals to be
deposited n the matrix
Osteoblast
calcium phosphate
mineral salt that makes the crystal hard.
Hydroxyapatite
gives the matrix bone
flexibility, without collagen fibers, bones
become brittle.
Collagen Fibers
destroys bone tissue for
remodeling
Osteoclasts
s very dense and highly organized
compact bone
is arranged in a series of osteons
compact bone
he most basic
structural unit of the bone. Cylindrical weight
baring structures that run parallel to the bones
axis.
Osteons (Harvasian System)
contains blood vessels and a
nerve.
Harvesian canal
is matrix formed around the canal in
concentric layers.
Lamellae
are mature osteoblasts that are
found in spaces called lacunae arranged in
circles around the central canal.
Osteocytes
are the tiny cracks in the matrix
allow the osteocytes to reach out to each other
and to the central canal for the nutrients.
Canaliculi
This type of bone is found in the end of long bones and in the
middle of flat and irregular bones
Cancellous bone
In cartilage connective tissue, the cells are called
chondrocytes
is spongy in appearance,
characterized by delicate silver and plates of bone with
spaces
compact bone
arranged in delicate silvers and plates
Trabeculae
is basically a protein molecule
with a carbohydrate added to it. This type of
tissue lacks a blood supply
Proteoglycans
This type of cartilage is found covering the ends of long
bones, in the costal cartilage of the ribs, and in the nasal
cartilages of the nose
Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue
This cartilage is found on the pinna of the ear (outer
ear flap) and in the epiglottis in the throat.
Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue
This type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral disc.
The pubic symphysis, and the meniscus of the knee.
Fibrocartilage Connective Tissue
Stores Energy as Fat (can turn
into red bone marrow in case of an
extreme anemia)
Yellow Bone Marrow
Produces Red Blood Cells also
white blood cells and platelets.
Red Bone Marrow
found on clubby ends of a long bone
Epiphyses
provides a smooth surface for the
end a long bone to articulate with another bone.
Articular cartilage
s firmly attached to the bone.
- Cancellous bone is found in the epiphyses.
Articular cartilage
Cancellous bone is found in the
Epiphyses
Shaft of the long bone
Diaphysis
It is composed of compact bone, but it is not a solid bone.
Diaphysis
s a hollow tube of compact bone filled with the
yellow bone marrow in what is called marrow
(medullary) cavity.
Diaphysis
a fibrous covering of diaphysis
Periosteum
enters the bone through a foramen in the
diaphysis
Nutrient artery
is found in the spaces of cancellous
bone. This includes flat bones like sternum, irregular
bones like the vertebrae, and the epiphyses of long bones.
Red bone marrow is composed of stem cells, which
produce both red and white blood cells and platelets.
RED BONE MARROW
is found in the marrow cavity of
mature long bones. The marrow cavity in a
developing long bone originally contains red marrow. By the
time the bone matures, the marrow has become
yellow marrow composed of mostly fatty tissue.
YELLOW BONE MARROW
have fibrous tissue between
the bones. There are three types of joints in this
class.
FIBROUS JOINTS.
has a fibrous
membrane between bones until the suture is
completely closed. It can be found between cranial
bones of the skull.
Sutures.
is formed by
fibrous ligaments holding a tooth in its socket.
Gamphoses.
is
formed by an interosseous membrane. It can be
found between the radius and the ulna and between
the tibia and the fibula.
Syndesmoses
has fibrocartilage between the two pubic bones. This
joint becomes more elastic and slightly movable during the
birth process.
pubic symphysis
This fluid lubricates the joint, reducing the heat
of friction as the bones articulate.
synovial fluid
Very movable in one direction, like a door hinge. C-shaped surface of one bone swings about the
rounded surface of another bone.
Hinge
Very movable in all direction. Ball of one
bone fits into a socket of another. Hip;
shoulder
• Ball and socket
All movements possible, but rotation is limited.
Concave surface of two bones articulates with one
another. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
Saddle
Up-and-down wave of the hand at the wrist. Two
opposed flat surfaces of bone glide past one
another. Carpal bones
Gliding
All movement but rotation severely limited; side-to-side wave of the hand at the wrist. Reduce
ball and socket. Reduce ball and socket T
Ellipsoid
Rotation. Ring of bone articulates with a post of
bone. Atlas on the odontoid process.
Pivot
t attaches the
epicondyles of the femur to the epicondyles of the tibia and
fibula. They prevent side-to-side movement at the knee.
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
attach the femur to
the tibia. They cross to form an X between the femur’s
condyles, and they are named for their attachment relative to
the tibia: the anterior cruciate ligament attaches to the tibia’s
anterior, and the posterior cruciate ligament attaches to the
tibia’s posterior side. These ligaments prevent the femur from
sliding forward or backward relative to the tibia.
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
sometimes called the patellar tendon,
attaches the patella to the tibia. It qualifies as a tendon and a
ligament because it attaches muscle to bone and bone to bone.
patellar ligament
Bone matrix is synthesized by a layer of
osteoblasts on the bone surface.
Mineral deposition-
are mononucleate cuboid cells that are
responsible for bone formation. They produce the collagen
fibers at bone’s hydroxyapatite crystals. They simply allow
hydroxyapatite to be deposited. Calcium phosphate is
dissolved in body fluids and blood.
Osteoblasts
are processes of bone development in
the fetus.
Intramembranous and endochondral ossification
After birth, the bones grow through two processes:
endochondral growth and
appositional growth.
In this process, the osteoblasts
are continuing to deposit bone in the epiphyseal plates.
-the chondrocytes continue to expand the plates with
cartilage.
- race of the two types of cells happens here until it
reaches puberty
Endochondral Growth
occurs in all types of bone.
-In this process, it does no longer makes the bone
longer, but it makes it more massive wherein,
Osteoblasts of the periosteum deposit more bone on the
bone’s shaft and the osteoblasts of the cancellous
bone’s trabeculae in the epiphyses deposit more bone
along the bone’s lines of stress.
Appositional Bone Growth
A process in which matrix is resorbed on one surface of
a bone and deposited on another
BONE REMODELING
provides rigidity which gives the body
shape and supports the weight of the muscles and
organs.
SUPPORT
the skeletal bones are held together
by ligaments, and tendons attach the muscles to the
bones of the skeleton. The muscular and skeletal
systems work together as the musculoskeletal
system, which enables body movement and
stability.
MOVEMENT
The skeleton protects the internal
organs from damage by surrounding them with
bone. Bone is living tissue that is hard and strong,
yet slightly flexible to resist breaking. The strength
of bone comes from its mineral content, which is
primarily calcium and phosphorus
PROTECTION-
maintaining normal blood
pH is very important for maintaining homeostasis.
ACID- BASE BALANCE
bone serves as a
reservoir for the electrolyte calcium, which is
important for maintaining homeostasis.
ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets are produced by stem cells in
the red bone marrow.
BLOOD FORMATION
hormones that
serves as a lock on calcium in the bone
Estrogen and Testosterone
is a break in bone. It can result from injury or
trauma, like a fall, or it can result from a disease process that
weakened the bone
fracture
does not cause a break in the skin.
Closed Fracture
breaks through the skin.
Open Fracture
the bone is in 2 or more pieces
Complete Fracture
the bone is no longer in proper
alignment.
Displaced Fracture
he bone is in proper
alignment.
Non-Displaced Fracture
there is a crack in the bone.
Hairline Fracture
the bone has broken through
one side but not completely through the other side.
Greenstick Fracture
the bone has been dented.
Depressed Fracture
the bone is broken
perpendicular to its length.
Transverse Fracture
the break in the bone is at an
angle.
Oblique Fracture
the break in the bone spiral ups in
the bone.
Spiral Fracture
the break occurs at the
epiphyseal plate in a child.
Epiphyseal Fracture
the bone is broken into 3
or more pieces (commonly referred to as shattered)
Comminuted Fracture
may occur in the
vertebrae, cancellous bone has been compressed.
Compression Fracture
sets the edge of the fracture in
proper alignment by manipulating the bone without
surgery.
Closed Reduction
sets the bone in proper alignment
through surgery.
Open Reduction
the use of low-dose radiation to measure bone density in the hip and vertebrae
DEXA or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan
the use of electromagnetic radiation that sends photos through the body to create a visual image of dense structures such as bone
x-ray
A severe lack of bone density.
“Porous Bones”
It affects all bone but is more evident in cancellous
bone. Causes: a diet deficient in calcium and vitamin
D, lack of exercise, and diminished estrogen and
testosterone due to aging
“Porous Bones”
a type of osteoporosis that decrease estrogen level leads to
increase bone resorption
Postmenopausal
a type of osteoporosis that osteoblasts just gradually lose the ability to
form bones while osteoclasts keep doing their thing
unabated.
Senile
Is a bone infection that can reach the bone from the
blood, from surrounding tissues, or from trauma that
exposes the bone to a pathogen (such as a bacterium or
fungus)
Osteomyelitis
Are malignant bone tumors that occur in immature bone
at any age. Although they tend to be more common in
people between the ages of 10 and 15. It is usually found
at the end of long bones, often around the knee. It is
usually found at the end of long bones, often around the
knee.
Osteosarcomas
Are cancerous tumors that occur in cartilage. Most
chondrosarcomas are primary tumors, which means that they
originate in cartilage, not from a tumor located in another organ or
tissue within the body.
Chondrosarcomas
is a form of inflammatory arthritis that develops in some people
who have high levels of uric acid in the blood
The acid can form needle-like crystals in a joint and cause sudden,
severe episodes of pain, tenderness, redness,
warmth and swelling.
Gout
an opening or split in the roof of the mouth that
occurs when the tissue doesn’t fuse together
during development in the womb.
Cleft Palate
s an infection of the mastoid process of the temporal bone in the skull. This condition is usually caused by an untreated middle-ear infection that has spread to the mastoid process.
Mastoiditis
is inflammation of the bursa.
Bursitis
is an inflammation of a joint.
Arthritis
is the most common form of arthritis. It usually occurs in
people over the age 40, and 85% of people over
the age of 70 show some signs of this condition.
Osteoarthritis
is the creaking sound that may be heard during the
movement of osteoarthritic joints.
Crepitus
is an immune disease that can happen to anyone at any age.
Children may develop juvenile RA.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
common called brittle bones
Osteogenesis imperfecta
a congenital defect in which bones are lack of collagen fibers. With
this defect, the bones are very brittle and can
break easily.
Osteogenesis imperfecta
- is a childhood disorder in which an inadequate number of mineral
crystals is deposited in the bone. The bones are
therefore, too soft
Rickets
