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AnaPhy 101 > Nervous system II > Flashcards

Nervous system II Flashcards

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1
Q

is the process
initiated by stimuli acting on
sensory receptors.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

is the conscious
awareness of those
sensations.

A

Perception

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3
Q

are the means by
which the brain receives
information about the
environment and the body

A

Senses

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4
Q 
have 
receptors distributed over a 
large part of the body. 
General senses are touch, 
pressure, stretch, heat, cold, 
and pain. Receptors for 
general senses are located 
throughout the body.
A

General senses

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5
Q 
are localized 
to localized to specific organs 
that have specialized 
receptors. Special senses 
are taste, smell, hearing, 
equilibrium, and vision.
Special sense organs are 
located in the head.
A

Special senses

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6
Q

detect heat and cold.

A

Thermoreceptors

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7
Q

detect touch,
vibration, stretch, and pressure. They are stimulated by
mechanically disturbing the dendrite
of the neuron.

A

Mechanoreceptors

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8
Q 
are 
pain receptors that detect tissue 
injury or potential tissue injury. These 
receptors may be stimulated by a 
chemical, temperature, or 
mechanical disturbance.
A

Nociceptors

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9
Q

respond to

changes in chemical concentrations.

A

Chemoreceptors

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10
Q

respond to light.

A

Photoreceptors

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11
Q

Are bare dendrites with no associated

connective tissue.

A

Free nerve endings

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12
Q

It widespread throughout the skin and mucous
membranes.
It functions as thermoreceptors for heat and
cold nociceptors for pain

A

Free nerve endings

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13
Q

It is located at dermal papillae of the skin; highly

concentrated in the fingertips and palmar skin.

A

Tactile corpuscles

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14
Q

It functions as
mechanoreceptors for light
touch and texture.

A

Tactile corpuscles

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15
Q

These are bare dendrites with

no associated connective tissue.

A

Hair receptors

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16
Q

It functions as
mechanoreceptors for any light
touch that bends a hair

A

Hair receptors

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17
Q 
Single dendrites surrounded by 
flattened Schwann cells that in 
turn are surrounded by 
fibroblasts, giving a layered 
appearance like tree rings.
A

Lamellar corpuscles

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18
Q

It functions as
mechanoreceptors for deep
pressure, stretch, and vibration

A

Lamellar corpuscles

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19
Q

It is long, flattened capsules with

a few nerve fibers.

A

Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles

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20
Q

It functions as
mechanoreceptors for heavy
touch, pressure, and stretching
of the skin.

A

Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles

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21
Q

It functions as

mechanoreceptors for light touch.

A

Tactile disks

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22
Q

is the term for taste.

A

Gustation

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23
Q

There are approximately ____

taste buds in the human mouth.

A

10,000

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24
Q

The surface of the tongue is covered with

bumps called

A

lingual papillae.

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25
Q

These are banana-shaped and have
hairlike microvilli (taste hairs) on their
surface.

A

Taste cells

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26
Q

Taste hairs are exposed to molecules
taken into the mouth through a taste
pore of the taste bud.

A

Taste cells

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27
Q

These are stem cells in the taste bud
that develop to replace taste cells as
they die.

A

Basal cells

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28
Q
  • They physically support the 50 to 150
    taste cells in the taste bud.
  • They do not have a sensory role
A

Support cells

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29
Q

This taste sensation is caused
by ions from salts binding to the taste
hairs.

A

Salt

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30
Q

This taste sensation is

caused by sugars

A

Sweet

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31
Q

This taste sensation is

associated with acids.

A

Sour

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32
Q

This taste is associated with
alkaloids such as caffeine, nicotine,
and quinine found in tonic water. It is
also associated with spoiled food.

A

Bitter

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33
Q 
This meaty 
taste is derived from some amino 
acids binding to the taste hairs. An 
example of umami is the taste of beef 
or chicken broth.
A

Umami

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34
Q

carries sensory
messages from taste buds in the
anterior two-thirds of the tongue

A

The facial nerve (CN VII)

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35
Q

carries sensory messages from taste
buds on the posterior one-third of the
tongue

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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36
Q

carries sensory messages for taste from the other taste

buds in the mouth..

A

The vagus nerve (CN X)

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37
Q

sense of smell

A

Olfaction

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38
Q

receptors for
olfaction that are located in the mucous
membranes of the roof of the nasal cavity,
called

A

Olfactory mucosa

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39
Q

The rest of the
mucous membrane lining the nasal
cavity. It has no sensory function.

A

Respiratory mucosa

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40
Q

Bipolar neurons.

A

Olfactory cells

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41
Q

is the interpretation of sound

waves travelling in air

A

Hearing

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42
Q 
is measured in cycles per second, 
called Hertz (Hz)
A

Pitch

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43
Q

treble

A

High pitch

44
Q

bass

A

Low pitch

45
Q

is determined by the size of the
sound wave and therefore the size of the
vibration

A

Volume

46
Q

Physical reactions initiated by the

A

hypothalamus

47
Q

is responsible for

emotional reactions to odors.

A

amygdala

48
Q

external ear flap composed of elastic

cartilage. It directs sound waves into the ear.

A

Pinna

49
Q

leads an opening in the
temporal bone, called external auditory
meatus, to the tympanic membrane, commonly
known as the eardrum.

A

Auditory canal-

50
Q

Contains three tiny bones called ossicles- the

malleus, incus, and stapes

A

MIDDLE EAR

51
Q

attached to the tympanic
membrane, and it forms a synovial joint with
the incus.

A

Malleus

52
Q

also forms a synovial joint with the

stapes

A

incus

53
Q

comes in contact with a
membranous oval window located at the
beginning of the inner ear

A

Stapes

54
Q

leads from
the middle ear to the nasopharynx. It is normally
flattened and closed, but it opens during
yawning or swallowing to allow air to enter the
middle ear.

A

Auditory tube/ Eustachian tube-

55
Q

It is a complicated mass of fluid-filled
semicircular canals and a spiral tube
embedded in a bony labyrinth (labyrinth
means “maze”) of the temporal bone.

A

INNER EAR

56
Q

the stapes of the middle ear that come in contact with the vestibule at a
membrane.

A

Oval Window

57
Q

is perceived when the

head is stationary or moving in a straight line.

A

Static equilibrium

58
Q

is perceived when the
head is rotating. The rotation would be in the
transverse plane if you were spinning in a
chair, the coronal plane if you were doing a
cartwheel, or the sagittal plane if you were
doing a somersault (forward tuck and roll).

A

Dynamic equilibrium

59
Q

It is used to perceive vertical movement of the

head, as in going up and down in an elevator.

A

Saccule

60
Q

Is used for horizontal movement of the head,

as in acceleration in a car.

A

Utricle

61
Q

which initiates reflexes if
the position of the head changes
abruptly

A

Spinal cord-

62
Q

which uses the information
to determine the position of the head for
coordination and posture.

A

Cerebellum

63
Q

which coordinate eye movements.

A

Neurons in cranial nerves III, IV, and

VI-

64
Q

which directs the sensory
messages of equilibrium to the frontal
and parietal lobes.

A

Thalamus

65
Q

light to stimulate the

receptors of vision.

A

Photoreceptors

66
Q

it is a phenomenon where in light
travels in straight lines but can be bent as it
passes through materials of different
densities.

A

Refraction

67
Q

shade the eyes from the glare of the sun
and help prevent sweat from entering the
eyes

A

Eyebrows

68
Q

blink periodically to distribute moisture
across the surface of the eyes. It contains
tarsal glands along its edge (tarsal plate),
which secrete an oil that helps lubricate the
eye.

A

Eyelids

69
Q

help keep debris from entering the eye.

A

Eyelashes

70
Q

s located deep to the skin, lateral and superior

to each eye. Its function is to produce tears.

A

Lacrimal gland

71
Q

a thin, transparent membrane that lines the
eyelids and covers the white, exposed surface
of the eye. Its purpose is to secrete a mucous
film to prevent the eye from drying.

A

Conjunctiva

72
Q

if they directly approach the front of the eye in

a straight line.

A

Rectus

73
Q
  • if they approach the eye at an angle to the

front of the eye.

A

Rectus

74
Q

outermost layer, a tough, fibrous layer that
does not stretch. It can be seen as the white
of the eye. The anterior part of the sclera is
transparent.

A

Sclera

75
Q

It needs to be transparent to allow

light to enter the eye.

A

cornea

76
Q

middle layer

A

Uvea

77
Q

is dark and has any
blood vessels to feed the neurons
located on the inner layer of the eye

A

The choroid layer

78
Q 
composed of smooth 
muscle and forms a ring around the
lens. It also produces a thin, watery fluid 
called aqueous humor found in the
anterior and posterior chambers of the 
eyes.
A

The ciliary body

79
Q

seen as the colored part of the
eye. It is smooth muscle that regulates
the size of the pupil.

A

The iris

80
Q

innermost layer. It lines the vitreous
chamber that is filled with vitreous humor, a
transparent, gel-like fluid.

A

Retina-

81
Q

used for gray-scale (non color
vision) and low light conditions. They contain a
chemical rhodopsin that reacts to light to
initiate a local potential.

A

Rods-

82
Q

used for color vision and are
responsible for the best visual acuity (sharpest
vision). They contain the chemical iodopsin
that reacts to light to initiate local potential.

A

Cones

83
Q

primarily responds to one color, either

green, red, or blue.

A

cones

84
Q

is located on the retina directly
posterior to the center of the lens. It has more
cones than rods

A

Macula lutea

85
Q

is the area where blood vessels
enter the eye and the axons forming the optic
nerve leave the eye

A

Optic disc

86
Q

appears as a small
depression in the center of the macula lutea. It
contains only cones, so it is the area of sharpest
vision.

A

Fovea centralis

87
Q

if the cornea and

lens focused the image ahead the retina.

A

Myopia (nearsightedness)

88
Q

if the cornea and

lens focused the image behind the retina.

A

Hyperopia (farsightedness)

89
Q

if the cornea or the lens is not a
perfectly smooth curve, the light rays will not
refract correctly to produce a clearly focused
image on the retina

A

Astigmatism

90
Q

When the eye is perfectly focused on the
retina whether it is near or far. This ability is
called

A

accommodation.

91
Q

allows the brain to have depth
perception, knowing where the object is located
in space.

A

Binocular vision

92
Q

The ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments
are less able to accommodate the shape of the
lens with age, creating a condition called

A

presbyopia

93
Q

Procedures in which a
tuning fork is used to
test for hearing loss

A

Rinne test Weber test

94
Q

An eye chart used to

measure visual acuity

A

Snellen test

95
Q

A procedure that
measures the pressure
inside the eye

A

Tonoetry

96
Q 
A disease of the eye in 
which the cells of the 
central portion of the 
retina (macula lutea) 
degenerate, eventually 
causing vision loss
A

Age-related macular

degeneration (AMD)

97
Q

A progressive loss of
vision due to the clouding
of the lens of the eye.

A

Cataract

98
Q

A genetic disorder that
results in the inability to
see certain colors.

A

Color blindness

99
Q 
Hearing loss caused by a 
lesion in the outer or 
middle ear that prevents 
the proper
conduction of vibrations 
to the inner ear
A

Conductive hearing

loss

100
Q

Inflammation of the

conjunctiva

A

Conjunctivitis

101
Q

increased intraocular

pressure

A

Glaucoma

102
Q

Various shapes of the

eye that affect vision

A

Myopia/hyperopia/

astigmatism

103
Q

An inability of the eye to
accommodate for near
and far vision that occurs
with aging

A

Presbyopia

104
Q

Infection of the outer ear

swimmer’s ear

A

Otitis externa

105
Q

Infection of the middle

ear

A

Otitis media

106
Q

Hearing loss caused by a
problem with the organ of
Corti or the auditory
nerve

A

Sensorineural hearing

loss

AnaPhy 101 (8 decks)

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