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AnaPhy 101 > Nervous system I > Flashcards

Nervous system I Flashcards

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1
Q 
system is all about 
communication. It controls 
homeostasis by monitoring what 
is happening in the body and the 
outside environment, analyzing 
the information, and initiating a 
response if one is needed.
A

The Nervous

System

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2
Q

can be very long
(measuring a meter or more), as it
may start at the tip of your finger
and end at your spinal cord.

A

neuron

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3
Q 
The more \_\_\_\_\_ the 
neuron has, the more 
information it can 
process. The dendrites 
branch to make 
multiple connections 
and form precise 
pathways
A

Dendrites

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4
Q

contains the
nucleus and organelles
for protein synthesis.

A

body

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5
Q 
vesicles carry the 
neurotransmitter down 
the next part of the 
neuron (the axon) to the 
synaptic knob at the 
end.
A

Axonal transport

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6
Q

is only intermittently
covered with a myelin
sheath

A

Axon.

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7
Q

leaves the
neuron body at the axon
hillock, also called the
trigger zone.

A

Axon

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8
Q 
They have multiple 
dendrites and an axon 
that may or may not 
have a collateral 
branch.
A

Multipolar neurons

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9
Q

This is the most
common type of neuron
in the brain and spinal
cord.

A

Multipolar neurons

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10
Q 
Have one dendrite and 
one axon. They can be 
found in the nasal 
cavity, the retina of the 
eye, and the inner ear.
A

Bipolar neurons

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11
Q 
They are sensory 
neurons in the body, 
located in areas such 
as the skin, organs, and 
other areas where 
bipolar neurons are not 
present.
A

Unipolar neurons

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12
Q

These cells form the

myelin in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

They produce
cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF).

A

Ependymal cells

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14
Q

Are the most numerous

neuroglia in the CNS.

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

They have a somewhat
star-shaped
appearance and have
several functions.

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

Form the myelin in the

PNS.

A

Schwann cells

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17
Q

Surround neuron cell
bodies in the ganglia of
the PNS.

A

Satellite cells

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18
Q

They help regulate the
chemical environment
of the neurons.

A

Satellite cells

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19
Q 
are small macrophages 
in the CNS that look for 
cell damage, debris, 
and pathogens. If these 
items are found, it is the 
microglia’s
responsibility to 
remove them.
A

Microglia

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20
Q

They constantly
wander through the
CNS as an important
line of defense.

A

Microglia

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21
Q 
Form the bloodbrain barrier, 
regulate 
composition of 
CSF, and form 
scar tissue
A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

The brain and spinal

cord are covered by

A

Meninges

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23
Q

(“tough
mother”) - the most
superficial layer of the
meninges

A

Dura mater

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24
Q

(“spider-like mother”)
- deep to it is a very
delicate, web like layer.

A

Arachnoid mater

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25
Q

(“affectionate
mother”) - tight to the
brain and spinal cord.

A

Pia mater

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26
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid
Is made by ependymal
cells lining cavities in
the brain called

A

ventricles.

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27
Q

Is made by ependymal
cells lining cavities in
the brain called
ventricles.

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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28
Q 
is a clear, colorless 
fluid that circulates 
between the ventricles 
and the subarachnoid 
space to bathe the 
brain.
A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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29
Q

A bed of capillaries
(small blood vessels),
called a

A

choroid plexus

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30
Q

Largest subdivision,
divided into two
hemispheres.

A

Cerebrum

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31
Q

Characterized by gyri

and sulci

A

Cerebrum

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32
Q

Contains premotor and

primary motor areas.

A

Frontal lobe

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33
Q

Motivation and aggression

are located here.

A

Frontal lobe

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34
Q

Contains Broca’s area for

language.

A

Frontal lobe

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35
Q

Sense of touch is located

here.

A

Parietal lobe

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36
Q

Higher-level processes for
math and problem solving
are also located here.

A

Parietal lobe

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37
Q

Sense of hearing is located

here.

A

Temporal lobe

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38
Q

Contains Wernicke’s area

for language.

A

Temporal lobe

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39
Q

Located deep to the

cerebrum.

A

Diencephalon

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40
Q

Switching station for
incoming sensory
messages.

A

Thalamus

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41
Q

Sends message to
appropriate lobe of the
cerebrum.

A

Thalamus

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42
Q

Monitoring station for

maintaining homeostasis.

A

Hypothalamus

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43
Q

Regulates temperature.

A

Hypothalamus

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44
Q

Performs autonomic and

endocrine functions.

A

Hypothalamus

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45
Q

Located in the cranial
cavity inferior to the
diencephalon and anterior
to the cerebellum.

A

Brainstem

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46
Q

Appears as a hook

A

Midbrain

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47
Q

Has colliculi for vision and

hearing.

A

Midbrain

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48
Q

Appears as a bulge
between the midbrain and
the cerebellum.

A

Pons

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49
Q

Serves as a bridge to the
cerebellum for efferent
motor messages.

A

Pons

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50
Q

Most inferior part of the

brainstem.

A

Medulla oblongata

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51
Q

Motor messages cross

sides at the pyramids.

A

Medulla oblongata

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52
Q

Contains centers to
regulate heart rate, blood
pressure, respiratory rate,
and blood vessel diameter.

A

Medulla oblongata

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53
Q

Groups of cell bodies
located throughout the
brainstem.

A

Reticular formation

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54
Q

Determines if sensory
messages will be
consciously perceived by
the cerebrum.

A

Reticular formation

55
Q

Responsible for sleep-wake cycle.

A

Reticular formation

56
Q

Receives input of body-part location.

A

Cerebellum

57
Q 
Uses that information in 
fine-tuning efferent motor 
messages to maintain 
coordination, balance, and 
smooth motions.
A

Cerebellum

58
Q 
is a solid 
cylindrical structure in the 
vertebral cavity that extends 
from the foramen magnum to 
the inferior margin of the first 
lumbar vertebra.
A

Spinal Cord

59
Q

is a bundle of nerve roots
extends from L1 to S5 in the
vertebral cavity.

A

cauda equina

60
Q

is the gray matter is in
the center of the cord and
arranged in an “H,”

A

Horns

61
Q 
Is a bundle of nerve fibers 
with an arrangement and 
connective tissues similar
to those of the muscle 
fibers of a muscle.
A

Nerve

62
Q

nerves connect

directly to the brain.

A

Cranial Nerves

63
Q

Cranial nerve sensory for smell

A

Olfactory nerve

64
Q

Cranial nerve Sensory for vision

A

Optic nerve

65
Q

Motor for eye

movement

A

Oculomotor

nerve, Trochlear nerve, Abducens nerve

66
Q 
Sensory for pain, 
touch, and 
temperature for the 
eye and lower and 
upper jaws
Motor for muscles 
for chewing
A

Trigeminal nerve

67
Q

Sensory for taste
Motor for facial
expression

A

Facial nerve

68
Q

Sensory for hearing

and equilibrium

A

Auditory
(vestibulocochlear)
nerve

69
Q

Sensory for taste
Motor for
swallowing

A

Glossopharyngeal

nerve

70
Q 
Sensory and motor 
for organs in the 
thoracic 
and abdominal 
cavities
Motor for larynx
A

Vagus nerve

71
Q 
Motor for the 
trapezius, 
sternocleidomastoid, 
and muscles of the 
larynx
A

Accessory nerve

72
Q

Motor for the tongue

A

Hypoglossal

nerve

73
Q 
carry 
sensory and motor 
messages, so they are 
composed of both unipolar 
and multipolar neuron 
axons (bipolar neuron 
axons are found only in 
some cranial nerves).
A

spinal nerves

74
Q 
carries efferent 
messages. These 
messages go out primarily 
to thoracic and abdominal 
viscera as well as the 
smooth muscle of blood 
vessel walls.
A

Autonomic Nervous System

75
Q

These messages are
involuntary, meaning they
are not under conscious
control.

A

Autonomic Nervous System

76
Q

The autonomic nervous system is further

divided into two parts

A

the sympathetic

and parasympathetic divisions

77
Q

carries
messages to prepare the body for
physical activity, sometimes
called fight or flight.

A

sympathetic division

78
Q 
carries messages for everyday 
body maintenance functions such as digestion and elimination of 
waste. It has a calming effect on 
the body. You might think of this 
as a rest-and-veg effect.
A

parasympathetic division

79
Q 
Local potentials start at a 
dendrite and travel toward 
the trigger zone. They are 
graded, decremental, and 
reversible, and may be 
excitatory or inhibitory.
A

Nerve Impulses

80
Q

is an involuntary,
predictable motor
response to a stimulus
without conscious thought.

A

Reflexes

81
Q 
memory results 
from chemical changes in 
the neuron. This results in 
cellular changes, including 
the growth of dendrites 
and the formation of new 
connections.
A

Long-term memory

82
Q

is the flow of electricity along an axon of a

neuron in one direction—from the trigger zone to the synaptic knob.

A

Action Potential

83
Q

the dendrite of a neuron receiving the stimulus (a chemical, heat, light,
or mechanical disturbance)

A

Receptor

84
Q

a neuron that has an action potential carrying the signal to the CNS

A

Afferent neuron (sensory):

85
Q

either the brain or spinal cord, where the signal is received
from the afferent neuron and conducted to a motor neuron. This may or may not
require an interneuron.

A

Integrating center:

86
Q

a neuron that has an action potential carrying a signal

away from the CNS.

A

Efferent neuron (motor)

87
Q

the structure causing the effect. If this structure is skeletal muscle, it is
called a somatic reflex. If the effector is a gland or smooth muscle, it is called an
autonomic reflex.

A

Effector

88
Q

Immediate memory lasts for a few seconds.

A

Immediate Memory

89
Q

Short-term memory lasts a few seconds to a few hours.

A

Short-Term Memory

90
Q

may last a lifetime and is not limited as

to the amount of information it can hold.

A

Long-Term Memory

91
Q

This area is used to interpret incoming language by sorting out
what the incoming sounds are.

A

Wernicke’s Area

92
Q

This area is used to find the words for outgoing language.

A

Broca’s Area

93
Q

A procedure used to collect and analyze cerebrospinal

fluid (CSF) surrounding the brain and spinal cord

A

Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

94
Q

A procedure that assesses the conduction of nerve
impulses along peripheral nerves by using electrodes
to stimulate the nerve while reading the conduction
of the impulse as it reaches its end point

A

Nerve conduction study (NCS)

95
Q

commonly called a stroke,
happens when part of the
brain dies due to a lack of
blood supply.

A

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

96
Q

is a progressive,
irreversible disease of the
brain that is characterized
by dementia.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

97
Q

is a genetic disease that
destroys brain cells
responsible for movement
and coordination.

A

Huntington’s disease

98
Q 
is a degenerative disorder 
of the brain characterized 
by tremors and slow, 
uncoordinated 
movements.
A

Parkinson’s disease

99
Q

is a disease characterized
by demyelination of the
axon

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

100
Q 
is the loss of muscle 
function due to an 
interruption in the pathway 
between the brain and 
muscles.
A

Paralysis

101
Q

is a condition resulting in
the buildup of excess
cerebrospinal fluid in the
brain.

A

Hydrocephalus

102
Q 
is a condition that is 
characterized by recurring 
seizures caused by a 
misfiring of electrical 
signals in the brain.
A

Epilepsy

103
Q 
is characterized by a group 
of symptoms that occur 
following an injury to the 
brain in children before the 
age of 5 years old.
A

Cerebral palsy

104
Q

cell bodies and

unmyelinated fibers

A

Gray matter

105
Q

unmyelinated fibers

A

White matter

106
Q

clusters of cell bodies
within the white matter of the
central nervous system

A

Nuclei

107
Q

collections of cell
bodies outside the central
nervous system.

A

Ganglia

108
Q

Carry impulses from the

sensory receptors

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

109
Q

Carry impulses from the

central nervous system

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

110
Q

characterized by a series of grooves

and folds

A

Cerebrum

111
Q

Grooves are called

A

sulci (sulcus)

112
Q

Folds called

A

gyri (gyrus)

113
Q

its
purpose is to give extra surface
area.

A

gyri

114
Q

separates
the cerebrum into right and left
hemisphere

A

Longitudinal fissure

115
Q 
a white 
librous band; deep to the fissure 
and keeps the right and left 
hemispheres connected; allows 
the left and right hemisphere to 
communicate.
A

Corpus callosumis

116
Q 
superficial part of the 
cerebrum; composed of gray 
matter; where most of the brain's 
dendrites and cell bodies are 
located; it is where conscious 
thought and voluntary actions 
arise.
A

Cortex

117
Q

is a serious inflammation of
the meninges caused by viruses or
bacteria often acquired through a
respiratory, throat or ear infection.

A

Meningitis

118
Q

is a test that can be
done to look for the presence of a
pathogen in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Lumbar puncture

119
Q

carry

messages to the brain

A

Axons in ascending columns

120
Q

carry

messages away from the brain

A

Axons in descending columns

121
Q

is the connective tissue
surrounding an axon of an individual
neuron

A

Endoneurium

122
Q

are bundled to form a nerve,

which is surrounded by epineurium

A

Fascicles

123
Q

cause blood
vessels to the heart and skeletal muscles
to dilate to increase blood flow

A

Efferent Messages

124
Q 
the flow of 
electricity begun by stimulating 
the dendrite of a neuron. It starts 
with the opening of an NA+ channel on the membrane of a 
dendrite.
A

Local potential

125
Q

a stimulus
depolarizes the neuron’s
membrane

A

Depolarization

126
Q
  • Smooth muscle regulation
  • Heart and blood pressure
    regulation
  • Regulation of glands
  • Digestive system regulation
A

Autonomic reflexes

127
Q

Activation of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic reflexes

128
Q

is any language deficit
resulting from damage to either
Wernicke’s or Broca’s area.

A

APHASIA

129
Q

TYPES OF PARALYSIS which affects only

one arm or leg

A

Monoplegia

130
Q

TYPES OF PARALYSIS which affects one
arm and one leg on the same side
of the body

A

Hemiplegia

131
Q

TYPES OF PARALYSIS which affects booth

of the legs

A

Paraplegia

132
Q

TYPES OF PARALYSIS which affects both of the arms

and both of the legs.

A

Quadriplegia or tetraplegia

133
Q 
develops at 
the time of birth or at some point 
afterward, which can affect individuals 
of all ages and may be caused by injury 
or disease
A

Acquired hydrocephalus

134
Q 
s present at 
birth and maybe caused by either 
events or influences that occur during 
fetal development, or genetic 
abnormalities
A

Congenital hydrocephalus

AnaPhy 101 (8 decks)

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