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AnaPhy 101 > Levels of Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Levels of Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

is the simplest level dealing
with the body’s chemistry and individual atoms
and molecules

A

chemical level

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2
Q

Solids, liquids and gases are composed of matter

A

Atoms

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3
Q

is defined as anything that takes up space

and has mass

A

Matter

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4
Q

the simplest chemical component of
matter and cannot be separated by chemical
methods.

A

Element

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5
Q

the smallest piece of an element that

exhibits unique sets of chemical properties.

A

Atoms

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6
Q

These are composed of protons, electrons and

neutrons.

A

Atoms

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7
Q

Percentage of

Body Weight of oxygen

A

65.00%

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8
Q

Percentage of

Body Weight of carbon

A

18.00%

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9
Q

Percentage of

Body Weight OF HYDROGEN

A

10.00%

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10
Q

Percentage of

Body Weight of nitrogen

A

3.00%

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11
Q

Percentage of

Body Weight Calcium

A

1.50%

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12
Q

Percentage of

Body Weight of phosphorus

A

1.00%

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13
Q

Percentage of

Body Weight of sulfur

A

0.25%

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14
Q

Percentage of

Body Weight of potassium

A

0.20%

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15
Q

are atoms that have the
same number of protons as every other atom of
the element but have different number of
neutrons.

A

isotope of an element

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16
Q

unstable isotopes that freely emits
particles to get a more stable form, which has decay
called radioactivity.

A

Radioisotopes

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17
Q

Radioisotopes unstable isotopes that freely emits
particles to get a more stable form, which has decay
called

A

radioactivity

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18
Q

is useful in medicine for diagnosis

and treatment.

A

radioactivity

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19
Q

two or more atoms bonded together.

A

Molecules

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20
Q

a very stable bond often formed by
carbon atoms and occurs when two or more atoms share
electrons to fill their outer shells.

A

Covalent Bond

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21
Q

two or more atoms that bind to form a
molecule by giving up or receiving electrons to fill their
outer shell

A

Ionic Bond

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22
Q

are atoms with charge

A

Ions

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23
Q

ionically bonded molecules separated into

individual ions when placed in water.

A

Electrolytes

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24
Q

it is a weak bond that occurs between
a positively charged oxygen or nitrogen atom that has
the responsibility of holding water molecules together.

A

Hydrogen Bond

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25
Q

Makes up of 50%-75% of the human body

carrying out five functions.

A

Water

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26
Q

chemically separates ionically bonded
molecules into individual ions called
electrolytes.

A

Water

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27
Q

serves as the key function in the body

A

Water

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28
Q

composed of ne or more solutes and a solvent.

A

Solutions

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29
Q

Body fluids such as tears, sweat, saliva and

plasma

A

Solutions

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30
Q

the amount of solute present in a

solution relative to the amount of solvent.

A

Concertration

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31
Q

used when comparing solutions

A

Tonicity

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32
Q

is more concentrated with

solutes than any other solution

A

Hypertonic

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33
Q

has the same concentration

with solutes than the other solution

A

Isotonic

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34
Q

is less concentrated with

solutes than the other solution.

A

Hypotonic

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35
Q

molecule that releases hydrogen ion (H+
)
when added to water.

A

Acid

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36
Q

a molecule that will accept hydrogen ion
often by releasing hydroxide ion (OH-
) when
added to water.

A

Base

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37
Q

used to measure

the strength of acids and bases. this scale is a number range from 0-14.

A

pH (potential of hydrogen)

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38
Q

considered
neutral because it is composed of equal
amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
(H+ and OH−).

A

7

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39
Q

have a pH less than 7.

A

Acids

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40
Q

have

a pH greater than 7

A

Bases

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41
Q

A blood pH lower than 7.35 is considered

A

Acidosis

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42
Q

a blood pH higher than 7.45 is

considered

A

Alkalosis

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43
Q

come from life and must

contain atoms of the elements carbon and hydrogen.

A

Organic molecules

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44
Q

molecules involved in life not

containing hydrogen.

A

Inorganic Molecules

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45
Q

Four Major Types of Organic Molecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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46
Q

contains atoms of carbon,

hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1.

A

Carbohydrates

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47
Q

simple sugars. the simplest form of a carbohydrate. are building blocks of carbohydrates an
example of which is glucose

A

Monosaccharides

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48
Q

Two monosaccharides that form

a single molecule

A

Disaccharide

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49
Q

monosaccharides together
forming a single molecule like a bead-like
necklace.

A

Polysaccharide

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50
Q

organic molecules containing
atoms of the same element as those in
carbohydrates but not in the 1:2:1 ratio.

A

Lipids

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51
Q

the building

blocks of lipids

A

Fatty Acids and Glycerol

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52
Q

organic molecules containing
nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen

A

Proteins

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53
Q

20 different amino acids are the

building blocks of proteins.

A

Amino Acids

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54
Q

Amino acids are
bonded together
to form a chain.

A

First level

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55
Q 
Attraction of some 
amino acids in the 
chain to other amino 
acids cause parts 
of the chain to pleat 
as a ribbon or coil as 
a rod.
A

Second level

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56
Q 
The 
pleated ribbons and 
coiled rods fold into a 
three-dimensional 
structure defining the 
protein's unique shape.
A

Third level

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57
Q 
Two or 
more uniquely shaped 
proteins may be 
connected to form a 
single protein 
molecule.
A

Fourth level

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58
Q

organic molecules
composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus.

A

Nucleic Acids

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59
Q

building blocks for nucleic acids.
- Composed of sugar, a phosphate group
and a nitrogenous base strung together
in a twisted double strand (double helix)
as in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or
in a single strand, as a ribonucleic acid
(RNA).

A

Nucleotides

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60
Q

a twisted double strand (double helix)

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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61
Q

a single strand

A

ribonucleic acid

RNA

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62
Q

The nitrogenous bases in DNA

A 
guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), 
and thymine (T)
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63
Q

Contains all of the genetic information that is

you not written in English.

A

Genetic Code

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64
Q

Has four letters, the nitrogenous bases of the

nucleotides (G,C,A,T)

A

codon.

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65
Q

sequence of DNA that must be read to give

directions to make one specific protein.

A

Gene

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66
Q

Some molecules will react with others in what is

called

A

chemical reaction.

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67
Q

The sum total of all chemical reactions that take

place in the human body

A

metabolism.

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68
Q

Speed of Reactions

A
  1. Increase the concentration of reactants
  2. Increase the speed of the reactants
  3. Use a Catalyst
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69
Q

the energy released from the glucose molecule in
cellular respiration must be converted to a usable
form.

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

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70
Q

This energy is released from glucose
molecule’s chemical bonds via cellular
respiration and then it helps to form a chemical
bond between adenosine diphosphate and a third
phosphate, releasing the energy is needed.

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

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71
Q

Some reactions require that energy be added for
them to occur. Other reactions release the energy held in the chemical bonds between the
atoms in a molecule.

A

Cellular Respiration

72
Q

is such a reaction, and it is one of the most important

chemical reactions in the body

A

Cellular respiration

73
Q

cellular respiration reaction, followed by

the meaning of the symbols and numbers:

A

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

Glucose + Oxygen yields Carbon dioxide and Water

74
Q

Molecules of different types come together to form

A

organelles

75
Q

The organelles are suspended within the cell in a fluid called

A

cytoplasm

76
Q

protein fibers organizes the organelles within the cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

77
Q 
Gives structure to cell, defining 
what is intracellular (inside the 
cell) and what is extracellular 
(outside the cell); regulates 
what may enter or leave the cell
A

Cell membrane

plasma membrane

78
Q

Move in wavelike motion to

move materials past the cell

A

Cilia

79
Q

Provide extra surface area for

the cell

A

Microvilli

80
Q

Houses DNA

A

Nucleus

81
Q

Carry out cellular respiration
and process the energy
released to form ATP

A

Mitochondria

82
Q

Assemble amino acids into

proteins

A

Ribosomes

83
Q

Site of protein production

A

Rough ER

84
Q

Site of lipid production

A

Smooth ER

85
Q

Receives and modifies proteins

and lipids produced in the cell

A

Golgi complex

86
Q

Carry materials from the Golgi
complex to the cell membrane
for export outside the cell

A

Secretory vesicles

87
Q

Store and isolate enzymes
often used for intracellular
digestion until they are needed

A

Lysosomes

88
Q

water-loving

A

hydrophilic

89
Q

water-fearing

A

hydrophobic

90
Q

They phospholipids are not rigidly connected;

they float side by side in what is called

A

fluid

mosaic.

91
Q

moves materials across the cell

membrane either into our out the cell. With no energy required

A

Passive Transport

92
Q

a passive-transport methods that
moves materials across the cell membrane using
force but no energy.

A

Filtration

93
Q

all atoms and molecules

maintain a constant state of motion.

A

Simple Diffusion

94
Q

Heat causes molecules to move
faster; increased temperature increases the speed of
simple diffusion.

A

Temperature.

95
Q

it uses the directions contained in
mRNA to assemble amino acids into a functioning
protein. There are 20 individual and unique amino
acids. The specific amino acids used and their
sequence are vital to the protein’s eventual shape.
And it must be transported in the rough ER for
assembly.

A

Translation

96
Q

This passive-transport method is used for molecules that
cannot diffuse through the selectively permeable membrane on their own (like
glucose), so they need help getting through a channel protein.

A

Facilitated diffusion

97
Q

An important homeostasis concept is fluid and electrolyte

balance.

A

Osmosis

98
Q

If the solutes cannot move across the membrane, water will move across the cell
membrane by a process called

A

osmosis

99
Q

If the concentration gradient is too great, the blood cells may

A

lyse (burst)

100
Q

f the plasma is
hypertonic (more concentrated with solutes than the cytoplasm of the blood cells), water
from the cytoplasm will move across the membrane by osmosis to reduce the concentration of solutes in the plasma. The blood cells may

A

crenate (shrivel and appear spiky)

101
Q

It moves materials across the cell membrane
from areas of low concentration to areas of high
concentration, it involves moving materials up a
concentration gradient against the natural trend
of diffusion. It requires the cell’s usable form of
energy contained in ATP molecules.

A

Active Transport

102
Q

This form of membrane transport moves large
quantities of materials not individual ions and
molecules across a cell membrane at one time.

A

Bulk Transport

103
Q

moves material into the cell in

bulk.

A

Endocytosis

104
Q

moves material out of the cell in

bulk.

A

Exocytosis

105
Q

The DNA contains all the
information on creating a protein, but it cannot
leave the nucleus. Somehow, the information
contained in the DNA must be converted to a form
that can be transported to where it needs to be used.

A

Transcription

106
Q

is involved only in sperm and egg

production

A

Meiosis

107
Q

is the process all other cells use to
divide, and it is necessary for the
development of the human anatomy, in
mitosis, a single cell, the parent cell divides
to become two daughter cells, once the
division has taken place, the parent cell no
longer exists. Two daughter cells are
identical to each other and to the parent cell
that came before them.

A

Mitosis

108
Q

are sequences of nucleotides that
provide a protective cap on the end of
chromosomes.

A

Telomeres

109
Q

the study of tissues

A

Histology

110
Q

it covers and lines all body surfaces, like the
organs, vessels, ducts and line hollow organs,
they have a free edge that borders an open area
on the outside surface or as a lining of an inside
surface.

A

Epithelial tissues

111
Q

(flat and thin)

A

Squamous

112
Q

(cube-shaped)

A

Cuboidal

113
Q

(tall column-shaped)

A

Columnar

114
Q

tissue lining the alveoli

(air sacs) of the lung.

A

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

115
Q

tissue that lines the tubules

in the kidneys.

A

Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

116
Q

tissue lining the mouth

and esophagus.

A

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

117
Q

tissue that lines the small

intestines.

A

Simple columnar epithelial tissue

118
Q

this separates epithelial tissue

from other tissues

A

Basement membrane

119
Q

has a single layer of epithelial

cells

A

Simple epithelial tissue

120
Q

is composed of stacked

layers of epithelial cells

A

Stratified epithelial tissue

121
Q

appears to be
layered, but all cells have contact with the basement
membrane, so it is a false layering

A

Pseudostratified epithelial tissue

122
Q

it is stratified, but its cell
shape is difficult to describe because it is
so changeable.

A

Transitional epithelial tissue

123
Q

they have cells a fibers in a matrix. The density
of the matrix and the type of the cells and fibers
determine the type of connective tissue. The
density is highly variable; it can be very fluid, as
in blood, or as dense and hard as concrete as in
bone.

A

Connective tissues

124
Q

has a loose
arrangement of fibers in a matrix with a thick fluid
consistency.

A

Loose/areolar connective tissue

125
Q

has mostly dense
bundles of collagen fibers that run parallel
to each other.

A

Dense regular connective tissue

126
Q

has an

interwoven pattern to its many composing fibers.

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

127
Q

composed of lipid-storing

fat cells.

A

Adipose connective tissue

128
Q

composed of red and white
blood cells and platelets in a very fluid
matrix called plasma.

A

Blood connective tissue

129
Q

is of three types:
hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. The fibers
involved determine their type. All three types of
cartilage have cells surrounded by a very
durable gel-like matrix.

A

Cartilage connective tissue

130
Q

–has a very
smooth and glassy appearance. Its collagen fibers are so
fine that they are virtually invisible.

A

Hyaline cartilage connective tissue

131
Q

–has elastic fibers
running in all directions. These fibers allow this cartilage
to snap back to shape if bent.

A

Elastic cartilage connective tissue

132
Q

has dense bundles
of collagen fibers all running in the same direction.
These fibers allow this cartilage to function as a shock
absorber.

A

Fibrocartilage connective tissue

133
Q

has bone isolated by a dense,
concrete-like matrix that makes bone
very hard.

A

Bone connective tissue

134
Q

hey are composed of cells with high
concentration of proteins. The proteins and
their arrangement allow muscle cells to
contract.

A

Muscle Tissue

135
Q

–it makes up the skeletal
muscles that move the body and control body
openings, they are cylindrical, appear striated and have
multiple nuclei pushed off to the side.

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

136
Q

can be found in the walls of
hollow organs, veins and arteries. It allows
hollow organs to move materials through them and
allows vessels to change their diameter.

A

Smooth muscle tissue

137
Q

found in the walls of the heart

and is specially adapted to not fatigue.

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

138
Q

it is used for communication through electrical

and chemical signals.

A

Nervous tissue

139
Q

tissue grows because the existing

individual cells grow bigger.

A

Hypertrophy

140
Q

tissue grow because more cells are

produced.

A

Hyperplasia

141
Q

uncontrolled growth and proliferations

of cells of abnormal or nonfunctional tissue

A

Neoplasia

142
Q

it is also known as tumor.

A

Neoplasm

143
Q

they are considered cancerous because
they have cells that break off and travel to other parts
of the body where they continue to produce more
abnormal cells, this migration is called metastasis.

A

Malignant

144
Q

migration

A

metastasis.

145
Q

they tend to be encapsulated, remain local,

and are considered noncancerous.

A

Benign

146
Q

tissue type is not absolute. Some

types may change over a lifetime.

A

Tissue Change

147
Q

–tissue changes from one type or another.

A

Metaplasia

148
Q

is the
shrinkage of tissue due to a decrease in cell size or
number

A

Tissue Shrinkage and Death Atrophy

149
Q

is the premature death of tissue, caused by a

disease, infection, toxins, or trauma

A

Necrosis

150
Q

–is tissue resulting from an insufficient blood

supply often associated with an infection

A

Gangrene

151
Q

the sudden death of tissue, which often

result from a loss of blood supply.

A

Infarction

152
Q

programmed cell death, this mode of death
removes cells that have fulfilled their functioned and
are no longer needed

A

Apoptosis

153
Q

can be found in the walls of hollow organs, veins, and
arteries. This tissue allows hollow organs to move materials through them and
allows vessels to change their diameter

A

Smooth muscle tissue

154
Q

is found in the walls of the heart and is specially adapted

to not fatigue

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

155
Q

makes up the skeletal muscles that move the body and

control body openings.

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

156
Q

mutations can stem from mistakes made in DNA replication or from environmental
factors called

A

carcinogens

157
Q

are genes that code for uncontrolled production of cellular growth
factors stimulating mitosis or the receptors for the growth factors.

A

oncogenes

158
Q

cancer originate in epithelial tissues.

A

Carcinomas

159
Q

cancer originate in connective tissues or muscle

A

Sarcomas

160
Q

cancer originate in lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphomas

161
Q

cancer originate in blood-forming tissues in the red bone marrow

A

Leukemias

162
Q

is the shrinkage of tissue due

to a decrease in cell size or number. It can be caused by aging or lack of use.

A

Atrophy

163
Q 
Protection, vitamin D 
production, temperature 
regulation, water retention, 
sensation, nonverbal 
communication
A

Integumentary

164
Q

Support, movement, protection,
acid–base balance, electrolyte
balance, blood formation

A

Skeletal

165
Q

Movement, stability, control of
body openings and passages,
communication, heat
production

A

Muscular

166
Q

Communication, motor control,

sensation

A

Nervous

167
Q

Communication, hormone

production

A

Endocrine

168
Q 
Transportation, protection 
by fighting foreign invaders 
and clotting to prevent its 
own loss, acid–base balance, 
fluid and electrolyte balance, 
temperature regulation
A

Cardiovascular

169
Q

Fluid balance, immunity, lipid
absorption, defense against
disease

A

Lymphatic

170
Q 
Gas exchange, acid–base 
balance, speech, sense of 
smell, creation of pressure 
gradients necessary to circulate 
blood and lymph
A

Respiratory

171
Q

Ingestion, digestion, absorption,

defecation

A

Digestive

172
Q

Removal of metabolic wastes,
fluid and electrolyte balance,
acid–base balance, blood
pressure regulation

A

Excretory/urinary

173
Q

Production and delivery
of sperm, secretion of sex
hormones

A

Male reproductive

174
Q

Production of an egg, housing
of the fetus, birth, lactation,
secretion of sex hormones

A

Female

reproductive

175
Q

There are 11 systems in the human body:

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, excretory/urinary, and reproductive.

AnaPhy 101 (8 decks)

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