Levels of Organization of the Human Body Flashcards
is the simplest level dealing
with the body’s chemistry and individual atoms
and molecules
chemical level
Solids, liquids and gases are composed of matter
Atoms
is defined as anything that takes up space
and has mass
Matter
the simplest chemical component of
matter and cannot be separated by chemical
methods.
Element
the smallest piece of an element that
exhibits unique sets of chemical properties.
Atoms
These are composed of protons, electrons and
neutrons.
Atoms
Percentage of
Body Weight of oxygen
65.00%
Percentage of
Body Weight of carbon
18.00%
Percentage of
Body Weight OF HYDROGEN
10.00%
Percentage of
Body Weight of nitrogen
3.00%
Percentage of
Body Weight Calcium
1.50%
Percentage of
Body Weight of phosphorus
1.00%
Percentage of
Body Weight of sulfur
0.25%
Percentage of
Body Weight of potassium
0.20%
are atoms that have the
same number of protons as every other atom of
the element but have different number of
neutrons.
isotope of an element
unstable isotopes that freely emits
particles to get a more stable form, which has decay
called radioactivity.
Radioisotopes
Radioisotopes unstable isotopes that freely emits
particles to get a more stable form, which has decay
called
radioactivity
is useful in medicine for diagnosis
and treatment.
radioactivity
two or more atoms bonded together.
Molecules
a very stable bond often formed by
carbon atoms and occurs when two or more atoms share
electrons to fill their outer shells.
Covalent Bond
two or more atoms that bind to form a
molecule by giving up or receiving electrons to fill their
outer shell
Ionic Bond
are atoms with charge
Ions
ionically bonded molecules separated into
individual ions when placed in water.
Electrolytes
it is a weak bond that occurs between
a positively charged oxygen or nitrogen atom that has
the responsibility of holding water molecules together.
Hydrogen Bond
Makes up of 50%-75% of the human body
carrying out five functions.
Water
chemically separates ionically bonded
molecules into individual ions called
electrolytes.
Water
serves as the key function in the body
Water
composed of ne or more solutes and a solvent.
Solutions
Body fluids such as tears, sweat, saliva and
plasma
Solutions
the amount of solute present in a
solution relative to the amount of solvent.
Concertration
used when comparing solutions
Tonicity
is more concentrated with
solutes than any other solution
Hypertonic
has the same concentration
with solutes than the other solution
Isotonic
is less concentrated with
solutes than the other solution.
Hypotonic
molecule that releases hydrogen ion (H+
)
when added to water.
Acid
a molecule that will accept hydrogen ion
often by releasing hydroxide ion (OH-
) when
added to water.
Base
used to measure
the strength of acids and bases. this scale is a number range from 0-14.
pH (potential of hydrogen)
considered
neutral because it is composed of equal
amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
(H+ and OH−).
7
have a pH less than 7.
Acids
have
a pH greater than 7
Bases
A blood pH lower than 7.35 is considered
Acidosis
a blood pH higher than 7.45 is
considered
Alkalosis
come from life and must
contain atoms of the elements carbon and hydrogen.
Organic molecules
molecules involved in life not
containing hydrogen.
Inorganic Molecules
Four Major Types of Organic Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
contains atoms of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1.
Carbohydrates
simple sugars. the simplest form of a carbohydrate. are building blocks of carbohydrates an
example of which is glucose
Monosaccharides
Two monosaccharides that form
a single molecule
Disaccharide
monosaccharides together
forming a single molecule like a bead-like
necklace.
Polysaccharide
organic molecules containing
atoms of the same element as those in
carbohydrates but not in the 1:2:1 ratio.
Lipids
the building
blocks of lipids
Fatty Acids and Glycerol
organic molecules containing
nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
Proteins
20 different amino acids are the
building blocks of proteins.
Amino Acids
Amino acids are
bonded together
to form a chain.
First level
Attraction of some amino acids in the chain to other amino acids cause parts of the chain to pleat as a ribbon or coil as a rod.
Second level
The pleated ribbons and coiled rods fold into a three-dimensional structure defining the protein's unique shape.
Third level
Two or more uniquely shaped proteins may be connected to form a single protein molecule.
Fourth level
organic molecules
composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Nucleic Acids
building blocks for nucleic acids.
- Composed of sugar, a phosphate group
and a nitrogenous base strung together
in a twisted double strand (double helix)
as in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or
in a single strand, as a ribonucleic acid
(RNA).
Nucleotides
a twisted double strand (double helix)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
a single strand
ribonucleic acid
RNA
The nitrogenous bases in DNA
guanine (G), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and thymine (T)
Contains all of the genetic information that is
you not written in English.
Genetic Code
Has four letters, the nitrogenous bases of the
nucleotides (G,C,A,T)
codon.
sequence of DNA that must be read to give
directions to make one specific protein.
Gene
Some molecules will react with others in what is
called
chemical reaction.
The sum total of all chemical reactions that take
place in the human body
metabolism.
Speed of Reactions
- Increase the concentration of reactants
- Increase the speed of the reactants
- Use a Catalyst
the energy released from the glucose molecule in
cellular respiration must be converted to a usable
form.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
This energy is released from glucose
molecule’s chemical bonds via cellular
respiration and then it helps to form a chemical
bond between adenosine diphosphate and a third
phosphate, releasing the energy is needed.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Some reactions require that energy be added for
them to occur. Other reactions release the energy held in the chemical bonds between the
atoms in a molecule.
Cellular Respiration
is such a reaction, and it is one of the most important
chemical reactions in the body
Cellular respiration
cellular respiration reaction, followed by
the meaning of the symbols and numbers:
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Glucose + Oxygen yields Carbon dioxide and Water
Molecules of different types come together to form
organelles
The organelles are suspended within the cell in a fluid called
cytoplasm
protein fibers organizes the organelles within the cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
Gives structure to cell, defining what is intracellular (inside the cell) and what is extracellular (outside the cell); regulates what may enter or leave the cell
Cell membrane
plasma membrane
Move in wavelike motion to
move materials past the cell
Cilia
Provide extra surface area for
the cell
Microvilli
Houses DNA
Nucleus
Carry out cellular respiration
and process the energy
released to form ATP
Mitochondria
Assemble amino acids into
proteins
Ribosomes
Site of protein production
Rough ER
Site of lipid production
Smooth ER
Receives and modifies proteins
and lipids produced in the cell
Golgi complex
Carry materials from the Golgi
complex to the cell membrane
for export outside the cell
Secretory vesicles
Store and isolate enzymes
often used for intracellular
digestion until they are needed
Lysosomes
water-loving
hydrophilic
water-fearing
hydrophobic
They phospholipids are not rigidly connected;
they float side by side in what is called
fluid
mosaic.
moves materials across the cell
membrane either into our out the cell. With no energy required
Passive Transport
a passive-transport methods that
moves materials across the cell membrane using
force but no energy.
Filtration
all atoms and molecules
maintain a constant state of motion.
Simple Diffusion
Heat causes molecules to move
faster; increased temperature increases the speed of
simple diffusion.
Temperature.
it uses the directions contained in
mRNA to assemble amino acids into a functioning
protein. There are 20 individual and unique amino
acids. The specific amino acids used and their
sequence are vital to the protein’s eventual shape.
And it must be transported in the rough ER for
assembly.
Translation
This passive-transport method is used for molecules that
cannot diffuse through the selectively permeable membrane on their own (like
glucose), so they need help getting through a channel protein.
Facilitated diffusion
An important homeostasis concept is fluid and electrolyte
balance.
Osmosis
If the solutes cannot move across the membrane, water will move across the cell
membrane by a process called
osmosis
If the concentration gradient is too great, the blood cells may
lyse (burst)
f the plasma is
hypertonic (more concentrated with solutes than the cytoplasm of the blood cells), water
from the cytoplasm will move across the membrane by osmosis to reduce the concentration of solutes in the plasma. The blood cells may
crenate (shrivel and appear spiky)
It moves materials across the cell membrane
from areas of low concentration to areas of high
concentration, it involves moving materials up a
concentration gradient against the natural trend
of diffusion. It requires the cell’s usable form of
energy contained in ATP molecules.
Active Transport
This form of membrane transport moves large
quantities of materials not individual ions and
molecules across a cell membrane at one time.
Bulk Transport
moves material into the cell in
bulk.
Endocytosis
moves material out of the cell in
bulk.
Exocytosis
The DNA contains all the
information on creating a protein, but it cannot
leave the nucleus. Somehow, the information
contained in the DNA must be converted to a form
that can be transported to where it needs to be used.
Transcription
is involved only in sperm and egg
production
Meiosis
is the process all other cells use to
divide, and it is necessary for the
development of the human anatomy, in
mitosis, a single cell, the parent cell divides
to become two daughter cells, once the
division has taken place, the parent cell no
longer exists. Two daughter cells are
identical to each other and to the parent cell
that came before them.
Mitosis
are sequences of nucleotides that
provide a protective cap on the end of
chromosomes.
Telomeres
the study of tissues
Histology
it covers and lines all body surfaces, like the
organs, vessels, ducts and line hollow organs,
they have a free edge that borders an open area
on the outside surface or as a lining of an inside
surface.
Epithelial tissues
(flat and thin)
Squamous
(cube-shaped)
Cuboidal
(tall column-shaped)
Columnar
tissue lining the alveoli
(air sacs) of the lung.
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
tissue that lines the tubules
in the kidneys.
Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue
tissue lining the mouth
and esophagus.
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
tissue that lines the small
intestines.
Simple columnar epithelial tissue
this separates epithelial tissue
from other tissues
Basement membrane
has a single layer of epithelial
cells
Simple epithelial tissue
is composed of stacked
layers of epithelial cells
Stratified epithelial tissue
appears to be
layered, but all cells have contact with the basement
membrane, so it is a false layering
Pseudostratified epithelial tissue
it is stratified, but its cell
shape is difficult to describe because it is
so changeable.
Transitional epithelial tissue
they have cells a fibers in a matrix. The density
of the matrix and the type of the cells and fibers
determine the type of connective tissue. The
density is highly variable; it can be very fluid, as
in blood, or as dense and hard as concrete as in
bone.
Connective tissues
has a loose
arrangement of fibers in a matrix with a thick fluid
consistency.
Loose/areolar connective tissue
has mostly dense
bundles of collagen fibers that run parallel
to each other.
Dense regular connective tissue
has an
interwoven pattern to its many composing fibers.
Dense irregular connective tissue
composed of lipid-storing
fat cells.
Adipose connective tissue
composed of red and white
blood cells and platelets in a very fluid
matrix called plasma.
Blood connective tissue
is of three types:
hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. The fibers
involved determine their type. All three types of
cartilage have cells surrounded by a very
durable gel-like matrix.
Cartilage connective tissue
–has a very
smooth and glassy appearance. Its collagen fibers are so
fine that they are virtually invisible.
Hyaline cartilage connective tissue
–has elastic fibers
running in all directions. These fibers allow this cartilage
to snap back to shape if bent.
Elastic cartilage connective tissue
has dense bundles
of collagen fibers all running in the same direction.
These fibers allow this cartilage to function as a shock
absorber.
Fibrocartilage connective tissue
has bone isolated by a dense,
concrete-like matrix that makes bone
very hard.
Bone connective tissue
hey are composed of cells with high
concentration of proteins. The proteins and
their arrangement allow muscle cells to
contract.
Muscle Tissue
–it makes up the skeletal
muscles that move the body and control body
openings, they are cylindrical, appear striated and have
multiple nuclei pushed off to the side.
Skeletal muscle tissue
can be found in the walls of
hollow organs, veins and arteries. It allows
hollow organs to move materials through them and
allows vessels to change their diameter.
Smooth muscle tissue
found in the walls of the heart
and is specially adapted to not fatigue.
Cardiac muscle tissue
it is used for communication through electrical
and chemical signals.
Nervous tissue
tissue grows because the existing
individual cells grow bigger.
Hypertrophy
tissue grow because more cells are
produced.
Hyperplasia
uncontrolled growth and proliferations
of cells of abnormal or nonfunctional tissue
Neoplasia
it is also known as tumor.
Neoplasm
they are considered cancerous because
they have cells that break off and travel to other parts
of the body where they continue to produce more
abnormal cells, this migration is called metastasis.
Malignant
migration
metastasis.
they tend to be encapsulated, remain local,
and are considered noncancerous.
Benign
tissue type is not absolute. Some
types may change over a lifetime.
Tissue Change
–tissue changes from one type or another.
Metaplasia
is the
shrinkage of tissue due to a decrease in cell size or
number
Tissue Shrinkage and Death Atrophy
is the premature death of tissue, caused by a
disease, infection, toxins, or trauma
Necrosis
–is tissue resulting from an insufficient blood
supply often associated with an infection
Gangrene
the sudden death of tissue, which often
result from a loss of blood supply.
Infarction
programmed cell death, this mode of death
removes cells that have fulfilled their functioned and
are no longer needed
Apoptosis
can be found in the walls of hollow organs, veins, and
arteries. This tissue allows hollow organs to move materials through them and
allows vessels to change their diameter
Smooth muscle tissue
is found in the walls of the heart and is specially adapted
to not fatigue
Cardiac muscle tissue
makes up the skeletal muscles that move the body and
control body openings.
Skeletal muscle tissue
mutations can stem from mistakes made in DNA replication or from environmental
factors called
carcinogens
are genes that code for uncontrolled production of cellular growth
factors stimulating mitosis or the receptors for the growth factors.
oncogenes
cancer originate in epithelial tissues.
Carcinomas
cancer originate in connective tissues or muscle
Sarcomas
cancer originate in lymphoid tissue
Lymphomas
cancer originate in blood-forming tissues in the red bone marrow
Leukemias
is the shrinkage of tissue due
to a decrease in cell size or number. It can be caused by aging or lack of use.
Atrophy
Protection, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, water retention, sensation, nonverbal communication
Integumentary
Support, movement, protection,
acid–base balance, electrolyte
balance, blood formation
Skeletal
Movement, stability, control of
body openings and passages,
communication, heat
production
Muscular
Communication, motor control,
sensation
Nervous
Communication, hormone
production
Endocrine
Transportation, protection by fighting foreign invaders and clotting to prevent its own loss, acid–base balance, fluid and electrolyte balance, temperature regulation
Cardiovascular
Fluid balance, immunity, lipid
absorption, defense against
disease
Lymphatic
Gas exchange, acid–base balance, speech, sense of smell, creation of pressure gradients necessary to circulate blood and lymph
Respiratory
Ingestion, digestion, absorption,
defecation
Digestive
Removal of metabolic wastes,
fluid and electrolyte balance,
acid–base balance, blood
pressure regulation
Excretory/urinary
Production and delivery
of sperm, secretion of sex
hormones
Male reproductive
Production of an egg, housing
of the fetus, birth, lactation,
secretion of sex hormones
Female
reproductive
There are 11 systems in the human body:
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, excretory/urinary, and reproductive.
