Muscular system Flashcards
Responsible for the movement of the human body.
Muscle
There are about ___ named muscles attached to the
bones of the skeletal system that make up roughly half
of a person’s body weight
640
It comes from the word “_____” means “muscle” and
“little mouse”
musculus
Capacity to respond to stimulus.
EXCITABILITY
Ability to shorten & generate pulling
force.
CONTRACTILITY
Stretched back to its original length.
EXTENSIBILITY
Recoil to original resting length after
stretched.
ELASTICITY
Attached to bones.
• Makes up 40% of body weight.
• Responsible for locomotion, facial expressions, posture,
respiratory movements, other types of body movements.
• Voluntary in action; controlled by somatic motor
neurons.
SKELETAL MUSCLES
In the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands,
uterus, skin.
• Some functions: propel urine, mix food in digestive tract,
dilating /constricting pupils, regulating blood flow.
• In some locations, auto rhythmic.
• Controlled Involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic
nervous system.
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Heart: major source of movement of blood, Autorhythmic
• Controlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic
nervous system.
CARDIAC MUSCLE
The type of muscle responsible for moving your arms and
legs is called
VOLUNTARY (SKELETAL) MUSCLES
Sometimes called striated muscle because of the
striped appearance
VOLUNTARY (SKELETAL) MUSCLES
Found in and around organs such as the intestines, and
around blood vessels.
INVOLUNTARY (SMOOTH) MUSCLES
It is essential in maintaining body systems. It helps us move
substances around the body, allowing us to keep cells
supplied with oxygen and nutrients.
INVOLUNTARY (SMOOTH) MUSCLES
A special type of muscle that forms the walls of the heart
chambers
CARDIAC MUSCLES
Type of involuntary muscle, as it contracts without
conscious thought or effort.
CARDIAC MUSCLES
attachment of muscle to the bone or structure
that does not move when the muscle contracts.
ORIGIN
the attachment of muscle to a bone or
structure does move when the muscle contracts.
INSERTION
muscle that has its origin and
insertion located in the same body regions.
INTRINSIC MUSCLE
its origin located in a body region
different from that of its insertion.
EXTRINSIC MUSCLE:
muscle that has an opposing action.
ANTAGONIST
muscle that performs the action, helped
by synergists.
PRIME MOVER
muscles that have the same action.
SYNERGISTS
stabilize origin.
FIXATORS
When the muscle shortens or lengthens while the tension on
the muscle remains constant.
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
muscle shortening.
Concentric
muscle lengthening
Eccentric
When the muscle does not shorten during contraction while
tension is increasing.
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
Bends a part of the body anteriorly, such
as flexing the elbow.
Flexion
Bends a part of a body posteriorly, such
as straightening the elbow
Extension
Movement of a part of the body away
from the midline
Abduction
Movement of a part of the body toward
the midline.
Adduction
Movement that brings part of the body
forward
Protraction
Movement that brings part of the body
backward.
Retraction
Movement of the jaw laterally to the
either side.
Lateral
excursion
Movement of at the jaw back to the
midline
Medial
Excursion
Position of standing on the heels with
the toes pointing up off the floor.
Dorsiflexion
Position on standing on tiptoes with the
heels off the floor
Plantar
Flexion
The soles of the feet are together facing
each other
Inversion
The soles of the feet point away from
each other.
Eversion
the act of spinning on an axis.
Rotation
Conical movement of a body part, such
as a ball and socket joint or the eye;
making circles in the body
Circumduction
Rotation that turns the palms up
Supination
Rotation that turns the palm down
Pronation
The act of bringing the thumb to the
palm
Opposition
Taking the thumb away from the palm
Reposition
Closing the jaw or raising the shoulder
Elevation
Opening the jaw or lowering the
shoulder.
Depression
connective tissue that surrounds the
muscle fiber.
ENDOMYSIUM
connective tissue that surrounds the
fascicle
PERIMYSIUM
a connective tissue that surrounds the
entire muscle.
EPIMYSIUM
is a tough, fibrous tissue that does not allow for
expansion.
FASCIA
cell membrane of muscle
SARCOLEMMA
endoplasmic reticulum of
muscle. Stores calcium ions.
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Tough, fibrous tissue that does not allow for expansion.
It surrounds muscles of an area, forming muscle
compartments and it separates muscle from the
hypodermis
FASCIA
Because
the fascia does not stretch enough to accommodate the
swelling, pressure builds within the compartment. The
increase pressure hampers blood flow and muscle
activity. This is called
compartment syndrome.
The cell membrane is called
sarcolemma.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the cell is called
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
are composed of acseries of repeated
functional called sacromeres running end to end.
Myofibrils
form the ends of a sacromere, which is
composed of thick and thin filaments (myofilaments)
Z lines
Stimulation form the nerve moves
quickly along the length of the muscle
cells.
Conductivity
Ability of a muscle to shorten with
force, can only pull (cannot push).
Contractility
Capacity of muscle to respond to a
stimulus
Excitability
Stretched to its normal resting length
and beyond to a limited degree
Extensibility
Ability of muscle to recoil to original
resting length after stretched.
Elasticity
Is chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor
neon and a muscle fiber. It is the site of signal exchange
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
Junction between the axonal end of one
neuron and the dendrite of another neuron or
membrane of another cell type
SYNAPSE
Separation that exists between the
axonal ending of the motor nerve and the sarcolemma
of the muscle cell fiber; The axon ending contains
vesicles of neurotransmitter
SYNAPTIC CLEFT
Designed to fit into the receptors
on the muscle cell on the basis of its unique shape, like
a key fitting into a lock.
NEUROTRANSMITTER
the neurotransmitter released
by motor neurons.
ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)
minimum amount of Acetylcholine that is
necessary for the muscle to react.
THRESHOLD
lean muscle mass decreases with age, fat is
deposited in muscles, the muscle fibers shrink, muscle
tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue.
ATROPHY
20’s for men and 40’s for women.
MUSCLE CHANGES
more affected than slow-twitch
fibers, don’t use oxygen to make energy (lighter color)
FAST-TWITCH FIBERS
rich supply of oxygenated blood
to produce energy (red).
SLOW TWITCH FIBERS:
To limit the effects of aging on the muscular
system; increase cardiovascular function (brisk walking,
or jogging); increases the supply of oxygen and other
nutrients to the muscle tissue.
EXERCISE
Form of exercise that improves
muscular strength and endurance.
RESISTANCE TRAINING
a procedure that assesses the
health of the muscle by testing how a muscle respond to
electric stimuli; increase strength by increasing muscle
mass through hypertrophy.
RESISTANCE EXERCISE
Common diagnostic test used for muscular system
disorders.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
Aprocedure that assesses the health of the muscle by
testing how a muscle respond to electric stimuli;
diagnostic procedure that evaluates the health condition
of muscles and the nerve cells that control them
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
Muscle disorders
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Affects the ability of the motor
neuron to send electrical signals to the muscle
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Peripheral nerve disorders
that affect the nerves outside the spinal cord.
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
Nerve
disorders.
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
the nerve impulse comes down the neuron;
acetylcholine is released and fits into the receptors on the
muscle cell; the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium the
calcium; the calcium binds to troponin; tropomyosin shifts
position to expose the active sites; the myosin grabs hold of
actin. the muscle cell has not shortened during this phase. •
LATENT PHASE
Myosin pulls (power stroke). The muscle cell shortens period
CONTRACTION PHASE:
Miocene let’s go period the muscle
goes back to shape because it is elastic.
RELAXATION PHASE
the calcium is actively transported
back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the muscle produces
acetylcholinesterase to remove the acetylcholine from
receptors period the muscle is still appears to be relaxed.
REFRACTORY PHASE
Consider again the boxer’s punch, which involves
getting more and more motor units involved during the
punch. This is called
RECRUITMENT.
Defined as the chemical reactions a muscle cell uses process
energy.
MUSCLE METABOLISM
allows a given effort to move a heavier load; lever
bone is a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point.
LEVER
A fixed point; joint.
FULCRUM
Muscle contraction; the applied force.
EFFORT
Load/weight, what is being moved.
RESISTANCE
Fulcrum lies between P (effort
or pull) and L (load).
FIRST CLASS LEVER
Load lies between fulcrum and
the pull or effort.
SECOND CLASS LEVER
Pull/ effort is situated between
fulcrum and load.
THIRD CLASS LEVER
State of exhaustion, inability to respond to nerve stimuli.
FATIGUE
abnormal state of prolonged contraction.
CONTRACTURE
complete fatigue,
muscle is stuck, no longer contract or relax; lack of ATP;
Less ATP: depletion of oxygen and glucose; More Lactic
Acid: psychological fatigue (cannot contract muscle)
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACTURE
waste
LACTIC ACID
amount of oxygen needed to remove the
lactic acid
OXYGEN DEBT
Specialized for anaerobic
respiration and therefore fatigue quickly.
FAST TWITCH FIBERS
Specialized for aerobic
respiration, so they do not fatigue quickly
SLOW TWITCH FIBERS
Kind of contraction exhibited by normal skeletal muscle
most of the time.
TETANUS
TETANUS also called
TETANIC
Muscle does not shorten; SR releases
Calcium, Acetylcholine is release also
LATENT
Myosin pulls, muscle shorten
CONTRACTION
Elasticity (muscle go back to its original
shape)
RELAXATION
Calcium is back to SR and muscle
produce acetylcholinesterase
REFRACTORY
building blocks of protein
20 amino acids
must be present in protein
synthesis
COMPLETE PROTEINS
missing amino acid non-functional protein.
INCOMPLETE PROTEINS
nonessential amino acid
11 amino acids
essential amino acid
9 amino acids
essential homeostasis, muscle
development.
Good Nutrition
Your skeletal muscles are responsible for the movements
you make. Skeletal muscles are attached to your bones and
partly controlled by the central nervous system (CNS)
MOBILITY
The involuntary cardiac and smooth muscles help your
heart beat and blood flow through your body by producing
electrical impulses. The cardiac muscle (myocardium) is
found in the walls of the heart. It’s controlled by the
autonomic nervous system responsible for most bodily
functions
CIRCULATION
Your diaphragm is the main muscle at work during quiet
breathing. Heavier breathing, like what you experience
during exercise, may require accessory muscles to help the
diaphragm. These can include the abdominal, neck, and back
muscles.
RESPIRATION
Digestion is controlled by smooth muscles found in your
gastrointestinal tract. This comprises the: mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus.
DIGESTION
Smooth and skeletal muscles make up the urinary system.
The urinary system includes the: kidneys, bladder, ureters,
urethra, penis or vagina, prostate.
URINATION
Smooth muscles are found in the uterus. During pregnancy,
these muscles grow and stretch as the baby grows. When a
woman goes into labor, the smooth muscles of the uterus
contract and relax to help push the baby through the vagina.
CHILDBIRTH
Your eye sockets are made up of six skeletal muscles that
help you move your eye sand the internal muscles of your
eyes are made up of smooth muscles. If you damage these
muscles, you may impair your vision.
VISION
The skeletal muscles in your core help protect your spine
and help with stability. Your core muscle group includes the
abdominal, back, and pelvic muscles. This group is also
known as the trunk. The stronger your core, the better you
can stabilize your body. The muscles in your legs also help
steady you.
STABILITY
Your skeletal muscles also control posture. Flexibility and
strength are keys to maintaining proper posture.
POSTURE
The muscle cells are performing cellular respiration to
supply the energy for the muscular system, but not all of the
energy is used efficiently. Some energy is lost as a heat in
the process.
HEAT PRODUCTION
As skeletal muscle’s urinary and anal sphincters are under
our voluntary control. We can decide when we want them to
relax so that we can pass urine and defecate.
CONTROL OF BODY OPENINGS AND PASSAGES
The use of facial muscles in the throat jaw, tongue and
diaphragm to communicate through speech.
COMMUNICATION
A tear in the muscle resulting from
usually excessive use.
STRAIN
Sustained contraction of the muscle.
May occur from overuse of the muscle
MUSCLE SPASM
Painful muscle spasm. Heavy exercise, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, extreme cold, low blood glucose levels, or lack of blood flow can cause muscle spasm
CRAMPS
Term for Muscle pain; Causes: Overuse
of muscles, injury, tension or exercise.
Medications: Physical Therapy
MYALGIA
Tendon characterized by inflammation.
Result from injury, overuse or aging.
Common occurrence in athletes
TENDINITIS
Increase in muscle size due to the decrease in muscle tissue. Cause: loss of nerve simulation to the leg muscles of a man with neural disease; Occur from decreased muscle use or loss in the muscle’s nerve stimulation.
ATROPHY
Are injuries that affect muscles or
tendons
STRAINS
Are injuries that affect ligaments
SPRAINS
Chronic widespread muscle pain to
specific muscle sites; lasting 3 or more
months;
FIBROMYALGIA
Occurs when organ protrudes through
a weak muscle
HERNIA
Caused by connective tissue
degeneration of the abdominal
muscles, which causes weakening of
the muscles during the adult years.
INGUINAL
HERNIA
Many hernias are discovered during routine physical exams. If you're a guy, you may have had a physical exam where your doctor gave you a testicular exam and checked your testicles for a hernia. By placing a finger at the top of your scrotum and asking you to cough, the doctor can feel if you have a hernia.
DIAGNOSING
INGUINAL
HERNIA
Abdominal surgery causes a flaw in
the abdominal wall. This flaw can
create an area of weakness in which a
hernia may develop.
INCISIONAL
HERNIA
Condition in which the stomach pushes
through the diaphragm.
HIATAL HERNIA
Group of inherited diseases or genetic disorder; Leads to chronic progressive muscle atrophy; Usually appears in early childhood; Most types result in total disability and early death.
MUSCULAR
DYSTROPHY
Occurs when there is injury to the
muscle tendon in the front of the lower
leg; Occurs when jogging; Slow to heal.
SHIN SPLINTS
Closes and protrudes lips, as
in kissing
Orbicularis oris
Closes eye
Orbicularis oculi
Raises eyebrows and
wrinkles the skin of the
forehead
Frontalis
Fixes epicranial aponeurosis
as an origin for the frontalis
muscle
Occipitalis
Elevates, retracts, and causes
medial and lateral excursion
of the mandible
Temporalis
Compresses cheeks
Buccinator
Elevates mandible
Masseter
Depresses mandible and
draws the corner of the
mouth and lower lip
downward
Platysma
Individually, each muscle
rotates the head. Together,
the muscles bring the head
forward and down
Sternocleidomastoid
Draws the mouth’s angle
upward and outward
Zygomaticus major
Flexes and adducts humerus
Pectoralis major
Depresses and protracts
shoulder
Pectoralis minor
Protracts shoulder
Serratus anterior
Prime mover for breathing
Diaphragm
Expand the thoracic cavity
during inspiration
External intercostals
Compress the thoracic cavity
during forced expiration
Internal intercostals
Compresses abdomen, flexes
spine, and allows rotation at
the waist
External abdominal
oblique
Compresses abdomen, flexes
spine, and allows rotation at
the waist
Internal abdominal
oblique
Flexes spine
Rectus abdominis
Compresses abdomen
Transverse abdominal
Extends head
Trapezius
Extends, adducts, and
medially rotates the humerus
Latissimus dorsi
Holds spine erect for posture
and extends spine
Erector spinae
Extends and laterally rotates
hip
Gluteus maximus
Abducts and medially rotates
hip
Gluteus medius
Abducts humerus
Deltoid
Flexes elbow (Scapula)
Biceps brachii
Extends elbow (Humerus and scapula)
Triceps brachii
Flexes elbow (Ulna)
Brachialis
Flexes elbow (Radius)
Brachioradialis
Extends and abducts wrist (Metacarpals)
Extensor carpi radialis
Extends and adducts wrist (Carpals and metacarpals)
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Flexes wrist (Palmar aponeurosis)
Palmaris longus
Flexes and abducts wrist (Medial epicondyle of humerus)
Flexor carpi radialis
Number of ATPs produced per glucose
molecule (AEROBIC RESPIRATION)
36
Number of ATPs produced per glucose
molecule (ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION)
2
Long, striated cells with many
nuclei per cell pushed off to
the side
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Branched, striated cells with a single nucleus and junctions between cells called intercalated disks (covered in the cardiovascular system chapter on heart and vessels
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Spindle-shaped cells with no
striations and a single
nucleus
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Associated with the bones
and skin and with circular
muscles called sphincters
that control body openings
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Heart
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Hollow organs and blood
vessel walls
SMOOTH MUSCLE
attach to 2 or more bones.
Tendons
made up of cell called fibers
Muscle Tissue
distinct from other fiber, a threadlike
structure that form a skeletal muscle.
Muscle Fiber
is the functional unit of skeletal muscle.
sarcomere
Thin filaments move towards the center of the
sarcomere from both ends
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
is the inability of a muscle to fully respond to a nerve stimulus.
Fatigue
are the motions produced by muscles.
Muscle actions
