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AnaPhy 101 > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

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1
Q

Responsible for the movement of the human body.

A

Muscle

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2
Q

There are about ___ named muscles attached to the
bones of the skeletal system that make up roughly half
of a person’s body weight

A

640

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3
Q

It comes from the word “_____” means “muscle” and

“little mouse”

A

musculus

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4
Q

Capacity to respond to stimulus.

A

EXCITABILITY

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5
Q

Ability to shorten & generate pulling

force.

A

CONTRACTILITY

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6
Q

Stretched back to its original length.

A

EXTENSIBILITY

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7
Q

Recoil to original resting length after

stretched.

A

ELASTICITY

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8
Q

Attached to bones.
• Makes up 40% of body weight.
• Responsible for locomotion, facial expressions, posture,
respiratory movements, other types of body movements.
• Voluntary in action; controlled by somatic motor
neurons.

A

SKELETAL MUSCLES

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9
Q

In the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands,
uterus, skin.
• Some functions: propel urine, mix food in digestive tract,
dilating /constricting pupils, regulating blood flow.
• In some locations, auto rhythmic.
• Controlled Involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic
nervous system.

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

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10
Q

Heart: major source of movement of blood, Autorhythmic
• Controlled involuntarily by endocrine and autonomic
nervous system.

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

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11
Q

The type of muscle responsible for moving your arms and

legs is called

A

VOLUNTARY (SKELETAL) MUSCLES

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12
Q

Sometimes called striated muscle because of the

striped appearance

A

VOLUNTARY (SKELETAL) MUSCLES

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13
Q

Found in and around organs such as the intestines, and

around blood vessels.

A

INVOLUNTARY (SMOOTH) MUSCLES

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14
Q

It is essential in maintaining body systems. It helps us move
substances around the body, allowing us to keep cells
supplied with oxygen and nutrients.

A

INVOLUNTARY (SMOOTH) MUSCLES

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15
Q

A special type of muscle that forms the walls of the heart

chambers

A

CARDIAC MUSCLES

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16
Q

Type of involuntary muscle, as it contracts without

conscious thought or effort.

A

CARDIAC MUSCLES

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17
Q

attachment of muscle to the bone or structure

that does not move when the muscle contracts.

A

ORIGIN

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18
Q

the attachment of muscle to a bone or

structure does move when the muscle contracts.

A

INSERTION

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19
Q

muscle that has its origin and

insertion located in the same body regions.

A

INTRINSIC MUSCLE

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20
Q

its origin located in a body region

different from that of its insertion.

A

EXTRINSIC MUSCLE:

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21
Q

muscle that has an opposing action.

A

ANTAGONIST

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22
Q

muscle that performs the action, helped

by synergists.

A

PRIME MOVER

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23
Q

muscles that have the same action.

A

SYNERGISTS

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24
Q

stabilize origin.

A

FIXATORS

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25
Q

When the muscle shortens or lengthens while the tension on

the muscle remains constant.

A

ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

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26
Q

muscle shortening.

A

Concentric

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27
Q

muscle lengthening

A

Eccentric

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28
Q

When the muscle does not shorten during contraction while

tension is increasing.

A

ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

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29
Q

Bends a part of the body anteriorly, such

as flexing the elbow.

A

Flexion

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30
Q

Bends a part of a body posteriorly, such

as straightening the elbow

A

Extension

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31
Q

Movement of a part of the body away

from the midline

A

Abduction

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32
Q

Movement of a part of the body toward

the midline.

A

Adduction

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33
Q

Movement that brings part of the body

forward

A

Protraction

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34
Q

Movement that brings part of the body

backward.

A

Retraction

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35
Q

Movement of the jaw laterally to the

either side.

A

Lateral

excursion

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36
Q

Movement of at the jaw back to the

midline

A

Medial

Excursion

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37
Q

Position of standing on the heels with

the toes pointing up off the floor.

A

Dorsiflexion

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38
Q

Position on standing on tiptoes with the

heels off the floor

A

Plantar

Flexion

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39
Q

The soles of the feet are together facing

each other

A

Inversion

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40
Q

The soles of the feet point away from

each other.

A

Eversion

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41
Q

the act of spinning on an axis.

A

Rotation

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42
Q

Conical movement of a body part, such
as a ball and socket joint or the eye;
making circles in the body

A

Circumduction

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43
Q

Rotation that turns the palms up

A

Supination

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44
Q

Rotation that turns the palm down

A

Pronation

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45
Q

The act of bringing the thumb to the

palm

A

Opposition

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46
Q

Taking the thumb away from the palm

A

Reposition

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47
Q

Closing the jaw or raising the shoulder

A

Elevation

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48
Q

Opening the jaw or lowering the

shoulder.

A

Depression

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49
Q

connective tissue that surrounds the

muscle fiber.

A

ENDOMYSIUM

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50
Q

connective tissue that surrounds the

fascicle

A

PERIMYSIUM

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51
Q

a connective tissue that surrounds the

entire muscle.

A

EPIMYSIUM

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52
Q

is a tough, fibrous tissue that does not allow for

expansion.

A

FASCIA

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53
Q

cell membrane of muscle

A

SARCOLEMMA

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54
Q

endoplasmic reticulum of

muscle. Stores calcium ions.

A

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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55
Q

Tough, fibrous tissue that does not allow for expansion.
It surrounds muscles of an area, forming muscle
compartments and it separates muscle from the
hypodermis

A

FASCIA

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56
Q

Because
the fascia does not stretch enough to accommodate the
swelling, pressure builds within the compartment. The
increase pressure hampers blood flow and muscle
activity. This is called

A

compartment syndrome.

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57
Q

The cell membrane is called

A

sarcolemma.

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58
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the cell is called

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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59
Q

are composed of acseries of repeated

functional called sacromeres running end to end.

A

Myofibrils

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60
Q

form the ends of a sacromere, which is

composed of thick and thin filaments (myofilaments)

A

Z lines

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61
Q

Stimulation form the nerve moves
quickly along the length of the muscle
cells.

A

Conductivity

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62
Q

Ability of a muscle to shorten with

force, can only pull (cannot push).

A

Contractility

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63
Q

Capacity of muscle to respond to a

stimulus

A

Excitability

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64
Q

Stretched to its normal resting length

and beyond to a limited degree

A

Extensibility

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65
Q

Ability of muscle to recoil to original

resting length after stretched.

A

Elasticity

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66
Q

Is chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor

neon and a muscle fiber. It is the site of signal exchange

A

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

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67
Q

Junction between the axonal end of one
neuron and the dendrite of another neuron or
membrane of another cell type

A

SYNAPSE

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68
Q

Separation that exists between the
axonal ending of the motor nerve and the sarcolemma
of the muscle cell fiber; The axon ending contains
vesicles of neurotransmitter

A

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

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69
Q

Designed to fit into the receptors
on the muscle cell on the basis of its unique shape, like
a key fitting into a lock.

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER

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70
Q

the neurotransmitter released

by motor neurons.

A

ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)

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71
Q

minimum amount of Acetylcholine that is

necessary for the muscle to react.

A

THRESHOLD

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72
Q

lean muscle mass decreases with age, fat is
deposited in muscles, the muscle fibers shrink, muscle
tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue.

A

ATROPHY

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73
Q

20’s for men and 40’s for women.

A

MUSCLE CHANGES

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74
Q

more affected than slow-twitch

fibers, don’t use oxygen to make energy (lighter color)

A

FAST-TWITCH FIBERS

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75
Q

rich supply of oxygenated blood

to produce energy (red).

A

SLOW TWITCH FIBERS:

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76
Q

To limit the effects of aging on the muscular
system; increase cardiovascular function (brisk walking,
or jogging); increases the supply of oxygen and other
nutrients to the muscle tissue.

A

EXERCISE

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77
Q

Form of exercise that improves

muscular strength and endurance.

A

RESISTANCE TRAINING

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78
Q

a procedure that assesses the
health of the muscle by testing how a muscle respond to
electric stimuli; increase strength by increasing muscle
mass through hypertrophy.

A

RESISTANCE EXERCISE

79
Q

Common diagnostic test used for muscular system

disorders.

A

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)

80
Q

Aprocedure that assesses the health of the muscle by
testing how a muscle respond to electric stimuli;
diagnostic procedure that evaluates the health condition
of muscles and the nerve cells that control them

A

ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)

81
Q

Muscle disorders

A

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

82
Q

Affects the ability of the motor

neuron to send electrical signals to the muscle

A

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

83
Q

Peripheral nerve disorders

that affect the nerves outside the spinal cord.

A

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

84
Q

Nerve

disorders.

A

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)

85
Q

the nerve impulse comes down the neuron;
acetylcholine is released and fits into the receptors on the
muscle cell; the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium the
calcium; the calcium binds to troponin; tropomyosin shifts
position to expose the active sites; the myosin grabs hold of
actin. the muscle cell has not shortened during this phase. •

A

LATENT PHASE

86
Q 
Myosin pulls (power stroke). The 
muscle cell shortens period
A

CONTRACTION PHASE:

87
Q

Miocene let’s go period the muscle

goes back to shape because it is elastic.

A

RELAXATION PHASE

88
Q

the calcium is actively transported
back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the muscle produces
acetylcholinesterase to remove the acetylcholine from
receptors period the muscle is still appears to be relaxed.

A

REFRACTORY PHASE

89
Q

Consider again the boxer’s punch, which involves
getting more and more motor units involved during the
punch. This is called

A

RECRUITMENT.

90
Q

Defined as the chemical reactions a muscle cell uses process
energy.

A

MUSCLE METABOLISM

91
Q

allows a given effort to move a heavier load; lever

bone is a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point.

A

LEVER

92
Q

A fixed point; joint.

A

FULCRUM

93
Q

Muscle contraction; the applied force.

A

EFFORT

94
Q

Load/weight, what is being moved.

A

RESISTANCE

95
Q

Fulcrum lies between P (effort

or pull) and L (load).

A

FIRST CLASS LEVER

96
Q

Load lies between fulcrum and

the pull or effort.

A

SECOND CLASS LEVER

97
Q

Pull/ effort is situated between

fulcrum and load.

A

THIRD CLASS LEVER

98
Q

State of exhaustion, inability to respond to nerve stimuli.

A

FATIGUE

99
Q

abnormal state of prolonged contraction.

A

CONTRACTURE

100
Q

complete fatigue,
muscle is stuck, no longer contract or relax; lack of ATP;
Less ATP: depletion of oxygen and glucose; More Lactic
Acid: psychological fatigue (cannot contract muscle)

A

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACTURE

101
Q

waste

A

LACTIC ACID

102
Q

amount of oxygen needed to remove the

lactic acid

A

OXYGEN DEBT

103
Q

Specialized for anaerobic

respiration and therefore fatigue quickly.

A

FAST TWITCH FIBERS

104
Q

Specialized for aerobic

respiration, so they do not fatigue quickly

A

SLOW TWITCH FIBERS

105
Q

Kind of contraction exhibited by normal skeletal muscle

most of the time.

A

TETANUS

106
Q

TETANUS also called

A

TETANIC

107
Q

Muscle does not shorten; SR releases

Calcium, Acetylcholine is release also

A

LATENT

108
Q

Myosin pulls, muscle shorten

A

CONTRACTION

109
Q

Elasticity (muscle go back to its original

shape)

A

RELAXATION

110
Q

Calcium is back to SR and muscle

produce acetylcholinesterase

A

REFRACTORY

111
Q

building blocks of protein

A

20 amino acids

112
Q

must be present in protein

synthesis

A

COMPLETE PROTEINS

113
Q

missing amino acid non-functional protein.

A

INCOMPLETE PROTEINS

114
Q

nonessential amino acid

A

11 amino acids

115
Q

essential amino acid

A

9 amino acids

116
Q

essential homeostasis, muscle

development.

A

Good Nutrition

117
Q

Your skeletal muscles are responsible for the movements
you make. Skeletal muscles are attached to your bones and
partly controlled by the central nervous system (CNS)

A

MOBILITY

118
Q

The involuntary cardiac and smooth muscles help your
heart beat and blood flow through your body by producing
electrical impulses. The cardiac muscle (myocardium) is
found in the walls of the heart. It’s controlled by the
autonomic nervous system responsible for most bodily
functions

A

CIRCULATION

119
Q

Your diaphragm is the main muscle at work during quiet
breathing. Heavier breathing, like what you experience
during exercise, may require accessory muscles to help the
diaphragm. These can include the abdominal, neck, and back
muscles.

A

RESPIRATION

120
Q

Digestion is controlled by smooth muscles found in your
gastrointestinal tract. This comprises the: mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus.

A

DIGESTION

121
Q

Smooth and skeletal muscles make up the urinary system.
The urinary system includes the: kidneys, bladder, ureters,
urethra, penis or vagina, prostate.

A

URINATION

122
Q

Smooth muscles are found in the uterus. During pregnancy,
these muscles grow and stretch as the baby grows. When a
woman goes into labor, the smooth muscles of the uterus
contract and relax to help push the baby through the vagina.

A

CHILDBIRTH

123
Q

Your eye sockets are made up of six skeletal muscles that
help you move your eye sand the internal muscles of your
eyes are made up of smooth muscles. If you damage these
muscles, you may impair your vision.

A

VISION

124
Q

The skeletal muscles in your core help protect your spine
and help with stability. Your core muscle group includes the
abdominal, back, and pelvic muscles. This group is also
known as the trunk. The stronger your core, the better you
can stabilize your body. The muscles in your legs also help
steady you.

A

STABILITY

125
Q

Your skeletal muscles also control posture. Flexibility and

strength are keys to maintaining proper posture.

A

POSTURE

126
Q

The muscle cells are performing cellular respiration to
supply the energy for the muscular system, but not all of the
energy is used efficiently. Some energy is lost as a heat in
the process.

A

HEAT PRODUCTION

127
Q

As skeletal muscle’s urinary and anal sphincters are under
our voluntary control. We can decide when we want them to
relax so that we can pass urine and defecate.

A

CONTROL OF BODY OPENINGS AND PASSAGES

128
Q

The use of facial muscles in the throat jaw, tongue and

diaphragm to communicate through speech.

A

COMMUNICATION

129
Q

A tear in the muscle resulting from

usually excessive use.

A

STRAIN

130
Q

Sustained contraction of the muscle.

May occur from overuse of the muscle

A

MUSCLE SPASM

131
Q 
Painful muscle spasm. Heavy exercise, 
dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, 
extreme cold, low blood glucose 
levels, or lack of blood flow can cause 
muscle spasm
A

CRAMPS

132
Q

Term for Muscle pain; Causes: Overuse
of muscles, injury, tension or exercise.
Medications: Physical Therapy

A

MYALGIA

133
Q

Tendon characterized by inflammation.
Result from injury, overuse or aging.
Common occurrence in athletes

A

TENDINITIS

134
Q 
Increase in muscle size due to the 
decrease in muscle tissue.
Cause: loss of nerve simulation to the 
leg muscles of a man with neural disease; Occur from decreased muscle 
use or loss in the muscle’s nerve 
stimulation.
A

ATROPHY

135
Q

Are injuries that affect muscles or

tendons

A

STRAINS

136
Q

Are injuries that affect ligaments

A

SPRAINS

137
Q

Chronic widespread muscle pain to
specific muscle sites; lasting 3 or more
months;

A

FIBROMYALGIA

138
Q

Occurs when organ protrudes through

a weak muscle

A

HERNIA

139
Q

Caused by connective tissue
degeneration of the abdominal
muscles, which causes weakening of
the muscles during the adult years.

A

INGUINAL

HERNIA

140
Q 
Many hernias are discovered during 
routine physical exams. If you're a guy, 
you may have had a physical exam 
where your doctor gave you a 
testicular exam and checked your 
testicles for a hernia. By placing a 
finger at the top of your scrotum and 
asking you to cough, the doctor can 
feel if you have a hernia.
A

DIAGNOSING
INGUINAL
HERNIA

141
Q

Abdominal surgery causes a flaw in
the abdominal wall. This flaw can
create an area of weakness in which a
hernia may develop.

A

INCISIONAL

HERNIA

142
Q

Condition in which the stomach pushes

through the diaphragm.

A

HIATAL HERNIA

143
Q 
Group of inherited diseases or genetic 
disorder; Leads to chronic progressive 
muscle atrophy; Usually appears in 
early childhood; Most types result in 
total disability and early death.
A

MUSCULAR

DYSTROPHY

144
Q

Occurs when there is injury to the
muscle tendon in the front of the lower
leg; Occurs when jogging; Slow to heal.

A

SHIN SPLINTS

145
Q

Closes and protrudes lips, as

in kissing

A

Orbicularis oris

146
Q

Closes eye

A

Orbicularis oculi

147
Q

Raises eyebrows and
wrinkles the skin of the
forehead

A

Frontalis

148
Q

Fixes epicranial aponeurosis
as an origin for the frontalis
muscle

A

Occipitalis

149
Q

Elevates, retracts, and causes
medial and lateral excursion
of the mandible

A

Temporalis

150
Q

Compresses cheeks

A

Buccinator

151
Q

Elevates mandible

A

Masseter

152
Q

Depresses mandible and
draws the corner of the
mouth and lower lip
downward

A

Platysma

153
Q

Individually, each muscle
rotates the head. Together,
the muscles bring the head
forward and down

A

Sternocleidomastoid

154
Q

Draws the mouth’s angle

upward and outward

A

Zygomaticus major

155
Q

Flexes and adducts humerus

A

Pectoralis major

156
Q

Depresses and protracts

shoulder

A

Pectoralis minor

157
Q

Protracts shoulder

A

Serratus anterior

158
Q

Prime mover for breathing

A

Diaphragm

159
Q

Expand the thoracic cavity

during inspiration

A

External intercostals

160
Q

Compress the thoracic cavity

during forced expiration

A

Internal intercostals

161
Q

Compresses abdomen, flexes
spine, and allows rotation at
the waist

A

External abdominal

oblique

162
Q

Compresses abdomen, flexes
spine, and allows rotation at
the waist

A

Internal abdominal

oblique

163
Q

Flexes spine

A

Rectus abdominis

164
Q

Compresses abdomen

A

Transverse abdominal

165
Q

Extends head

A

Trapezius

166
Q

Extends, adducts, and

medially rotates the humerus

A

Latissimus dorsi

167
Q

Holds spine erect for posture

and extends spine

A

Erector spinae

168
Q

Extends and laterally rotates

hip

A

Gluteus maximus

169
Q

Abducts and medially rotates

hip

A

Gluteus medius

170
Q

Abducts humerus

A

Deltoid

171
Q

Flexes elbow (Scapula)

A

Biceps brachii

172
Q

Extends elbow (Humerus and scapula)

A

Triceps brachii

173
Q

Flexes elbow (Ulna)

A

Brachialis

174
Q

Flexes elbow (Radius)

A

Brachioradialis

175
Q

Extends and abducts wrist (Metacarpals)

A

Extensor carpi radialis

176
Q

Extends and adducts wrist (Carpals and metacarpals)

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris

177
Q

Flexes wrist (Palmar aponeurosis)

A

Palmaris longus

178
Q

Flexes and abducts wrist (Medial epicondyle of humerus)

A

Flexor carpi radialis

179
Q

Number of ATPs produced per glucose

molecule (AEROBIC RESPIRATION)

A

36

180
Q

Number of ATPs produced per glucose

molecule (ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION)

A

2

181
Q

Long, striated cells with many
nuclei per cell pushed off to
the side

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

182
Q 
Branched, striated cells with 
a single nucleus and junctions 
between cells called 
intercalated disks (covered in 
the cardiovascular system 
chapter on heart and vessels
A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

183
Q

Spindle-shaped cells with no
striations and a single
nucleus

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

184
Q

Associated with the bones
and skin and with circular
muscles called sphincters
that control body openings

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

185
Q

Heart

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

186
Q

Hollow organs and blood

vessel walls

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

187
Q

attach to 2 or more bones.

A

Tendons

188
Q

made up of cell called fibers

A

Muscle Tissue

189
Q

distinct from other fiber, a threadlike

structure that form a skeletal muscle.

A

Muscle Fiber

190
Q

is the functional unit of skeletal muscle.

A

sarcomere

191
Q

Thin filaments move towards the center of the

sarcomere from both ends

A

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

192
Q

is the inability of a muscle to fully respond to a nerve stimulus.

A

Fatigue

193
Q

are the motions produced by muscles.

A

Muscle actions

AnaPhy 101 (8 decks)

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