Skeletal Disorders, Teeth Flashcards
3 disorders of endochondral ossification
- chondrodystrophies
- osteochondrosis (OD)
- osteochondrosis dessicans (OCD)
chondrodystrophy is marked by a primary lesion in the ________ and/or ________
- growth plate (physis)
- articular epiphysis (AE) complex
________ can result in disproportionate dwarfs, such as dachshunds or basset hounds
chondrodystrophy
chondrodystrophy causes abnormalities in _____ and _____ of the bones
- shape
- size
_______ is a degenerative process of cartilage with focal or multifocal failure/delay of endochondral ossification
osteochondrosis
__________ is described as a retention of growth cartilage due to failure to mineralize and replace by bone
osteochondrosis (OD)
one possible pathogenesis of osteochondrosis is __________________
the ischemic necrosis of the cartilage
what age group is osteochondrosis most prevalent in?
young animals
osteochondrosis of large breed dogs is most prevalent in which 3 areas
- shoulder
- elbow
- tarsus
2 symptoms of osteochondrosis
- lameness
- pain
_____________ is dysplasia occurring in the AE complex
osteochondrosis dessicans (OCD)
in ___________, clefts form in the retained cartilage with subsequent fracture of the overlying articular cartilage
osteochondrosis dessicans (OCD)
when the cartilage flaps formed in osteochondrosis dessicans fracture off it is called a ______
joint mouse
4 symptoms of osteochondrosis dessicans
- pain
- effusion
- lameness
- synovitis
common site of osteochondrosis dessicans in the dog
shoulder
common site of osteochondrosis dessicans in the horse
tarsus
common site of osteochondrosis dessicans in the pig
medial condyle of the femur
_________ is the consequence of osteochondrosis dessicans
degenerative joint disease
5 types of bone disorders
- disorders of bone modeling
- disorders of endochondral ossification
- metabolic bone disease
- inflammation/necrosis of bone
- neoplasia
3 metabolic bone diseases
- osteoporosis
- rickets/osteomalacia
- osteodystrophy (nutritional and renal)
_________: defined as low bone mass that results in minimal fractures after only minimal trauma
osteoporosis
most common sites for bone fractures resulting from osteoporosis
- hip (femoral neck)
- thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies
- wrist (distal radius and ulna)
_______/_______: failure of mineralization with subsequent bone deformities and fracture
rickets/osteomalacia
__________: failure of mineralization in a growing skeleton
rickets
_________: failure of mineralization in an adult skeleton
osteomalacia
osteomalacia/rickets is caused by a deficiency of ______ or _______
- vitamin D
- phosphorus
3 consequences of rickets/osteomalacia
- bone pain
- pathologic fractures
- deformities
thickened growth plates are symptomatic of _________
rickets
_________: increased osteoclastic resorption of bone and replacement by fibrous tissue
fibrous osteodystrophy
3 clinical signs of fibrous osteodystrophy
- deformities
- lameness
- pathologic fractures
what causes fibrous osteodystrophy?
hyperparathyroidism (primary or secondary)
Which type of hyperparathyroidism is a rare cause of fibrous osteodystrophy?
primary hyperparathyroidism
2 forms of secondary hyperparathyroidism
- nutritional
- renal
layman’s term for renal fibrous osteodystrophy
“rubber jaw”
what kind of diet results in nutritional hyperparathyroidism (leading to fibrous hyperparathyroidism)
a diet low in calcium or high in phosphorus
2 “classic examples” in veterinary sciences of nutritional osteodystrophy
- “bran disease”
- “Popeye long bone”
2 processes by which decreased renal function results in osteodystrophy
- ↓ glomerular function (results in hyperphosphatemia)
- ↓ activation of 1, 25 D3 (results in ↓ calcium absorption)
______: infectious inflammation/necrosis of bone
osteomyelitis
______: non-infectious inflammation/necrosis of bone
hypertrophic osteodystrophy
________ - “lumpy jaw”
actinomycosis
2 categories of bone neoplasia
- primary (osteosarcoma)
- secondary (metastatic)
osteosarcoma is ________ neoplasia
primary
metastatic (breast, prostate cancer, etc.) is _______ neoplasia
secondary
4 different types of teeth
- incisor
- canine
- premolar
- molar
________ teeth grow continuously throughout life
hypsodontic
________ teeth do not grow continuously throughout life
brachydontic
_________ teeth require floating
hypsodontic
_________ teeth do not have enamel covered roots
brachydontic
from superficial to deep, what are the material layers of hypsodontic teeth?
- cementum
- enamel
- dentine
from superficial to deep, what are the material layers of brachydontic teeth?
Crown:
- enamel
- dentine
Root:
- cementum
- dentine
species with hypsodontic teeth
- horses (all)
- ruminants (cheek teeth)
species with brachydontic teeth
- man
- carnivores
- pigs
3 types of teeth abnormalities
- malocclusion
- gingivitis/peridontitis
- tooth retention
_________: failure of the upper and lower teeth to interdigitate properly
malocclusion
_________: protrusion of the lower jaw
prognathia
________: a disproportionately shortened lower jaw
brachygnathia
malocclusion leads to difficulties on the _______ and _______ of food
- prehension
- mastication
malocclusion results from ____________ or _____________
- abnormal jaw conformation
- abnormal tooth eruption patterns
4 consequences of long term periodontitis
- chronic gingivitis
- pocket formation
- loss of attachment
- alveolar bone loss
6 indications for tooth extraction
- mobile teeth
- crowding of teeth
- retained deciduous teeth
teeth in the line of a fracture - teeth destroyed by disease
- endodontically diseased teeth
6 stages of normal healing of an extraction socket
- intact molar and alveolar bone
- clot formation and removal phase
- repair phase
- initiation of bone formation
- woven bone
- lamellar bone
