Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Musculoskeletal > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

_____: immature cartilage cells. Secrete extracellular matrix, but not yet imprisoned in a lacuna

A

chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

____: mature cartilage cells embedded in a matrix

A

chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chondrocytes reside in small spaces within the matrix called _____

A

lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

organelle systems in cytoplasm are typical of cells that ______

A

secrete proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_____: a specialized connective tissue composed of cells and fibrous macromolecules embedded in a ground substance that provides support to the body and serves as a model or template for the formation of bones

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of cartilage in prenatal life?

A

Cartilage participates in the embryonic/fetal skeletal development, as a model or template for the bones of the appendicular and axial skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the nutrition of cartilage cells is dependent on _______

A

diffusion of nutrients from blood capillaries in perichondrium and/or adjacent tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ is composed of intercellular substance (ground substance) and fibrils

A

matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 types of glycosaminoglycans that make up the intracellular substance of the matrix

A
  • chondroitin sulfate
  • keratan sulfate
  • hyaluronic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

______ and _____ join to form proteoglycan monomers.

A

chondroitin sulfate

keratan sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2 types of fibrils

A
  • collagen

- elastin fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_____ provides tensile strength and durability to cartilage

A

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_____ fibrils are generally arranged in a 3D felt-like pattern

A

collagen fibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____ is the most common form of cartilage in the body

A

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the matrix of hyaline cartilage is rich in _______ fibers

A

type II collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the matrix of ______ cartilage is rich in type II collagen fibers

A

hyaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

____ cartilage is present in both the fetus and the adult

A

hyaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

two layers of the perichondrium

A
  • fibrous layer

- chondrogenic layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the more peripheral layer of the perichondrium is the _____ layer, the inner layer is the _____ layer

A
  • fibrous

- chondrogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the _____ and the ______ lack a perichondrium

A
  • articular cartilage

- epiphyseal growth plate (physis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

the _____ layer of the perichondrium generates new chondroblasts

A

chondrogenic layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

within the growth plate, type II collagen is synthesized primarily by _____ chondrocytes

A

proliferating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

within the growth plate, type X collagen is synthesized by _____ chondrocytes

A

hypertrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in hyaline cartilage, _____ provide tensile strength and shape to cartilage while _____ absorb compressive forces

A
  • collagen fibers

- proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

chondrocytes also produce _____, a fibronectin-like connecting glycoprotein that specifically binds collagen fibers and proteoglycans to chondrocytes

A

chondronectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the matrix immediately surrounding the lacunae (newest formed) is more basophilic than more peripherally placed matrix and is referred to as ______, the outlying matrix is referred to as _______

A
  • territorial matrix

- interterritorial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the firm gel-like quality of cartilage is due to the ________________

A

high concentration of very large proteoglycan aggregates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the 2 principal glycosaminoglycans in hyaline cartilage

A
  • chondroitin sulfate

- keratan sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the compressive strength of cartilage is largely due to its _________ (____-___%)

A

high water content (70-80%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How do water molecules become immobilized between the GAG side chains in cartilage?

A

the negatively charged carboxyl and sulfate groups (COO- and SO4 -2 groups) of the glycosaminoglycan molecules attract sodium ions and immobilize water molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

metabolites must pass from capillaries to chondrocytes by ____________

A

(long distance) diffusion

33
Q

allografts of hyaline cartilage have been reasonably successful due to its _______ nature, which prevents large molecules such as immunoglobulins and cytotoxic T-cells from coming into contact with chondrocytes

A

avascular

34
Q

What happens once chondrocytes die?

A

the matrix is invaded by blood vessels and macrophages remove the devitalized cartilage.

35
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located? (3)

A
  • external ear
  • auditory tube
  • epiglottis
36
Q

elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage except that …

A

elastic fibers rather than collagen fibers comprise the fibrillar component of the extracellular matrix

37
Q

_________ is a specialized connective tissue, where tendons and ligaments insert on bone or cartilage

A

fibrocartilage

38
Q

_______ resembles dense regular connective tissue with a predominance of type I collagen fibers and scanty amounts of amorphous ground substance

A

fibrocartilage

39
Q

fibrocartilage resembles dense regular connective tissue with a predominance of type ___ collagen fibers and scanty amounts of amorphous ground substance

A

type I

40
Q

2 principle sites of fibrocartilage

A
  • annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral discs

- menisci of the stifle joint

41
Q

2 mechanisms by which growth of cartilage occurs.

A
  • appositional growth

- interstitial growth

42
Q

______: involves the deposition of new cartilage at the surface (perichondrium) by chondroblasts

A

Appositional growth

43
Q

______: involves the division of chondrocytes within lacunae and the production of matrix, resulting in expansion by new cartilage from within.

A

Interstitial growth

44
Q

The division of chondrocytes in interstitial growth results in _____ of chondrocytes, the progeny of a single chondrocytes.

A

Isogenic clusters

45
Q

The _____ is primarily responsible for lengthening the bone.

A

Epiphyseal growth plate (or physis)

46
Q

Three zones of the epiphyseal growth plate.

A
  • reserve/resting zone
  • proliferative zone
  • hypertrophic zone
47
Q

The hypertrophic zone of the growth plate is further divided into what three zones?

A
  • maturation zone
  • degeneration zone
  • calcification zone
48
Q

________: acts as the source of cells for the proliferative zone in the growth plate

A

Reserve/resting zone

49
Q

______: where cells of the growth plate multiply, accumulate glycogen, produce matrix, and become arranged in longitudinal columns

A

Proliferative zone

50
Q

______: where chondrocytes of the growth late secrette macromolecules that modify the matrix to allow capillary invasion and initiate matrix mineralization (these chondrocytes eventually die)

A

Hypertrophic zone

51
Q

_________ is a critical step in endochondral ossification

A

Vascular invasion of the growth plate

52
Q

The _______ in the metaphysiss is a fragile lattice of bone-coverred spicules of calcified cartilage.

A

Chondro-osseous junction

53
Q

_______: The spongy substance of bone that is initially formed after the replacement of cartilage, and consists of mineralized tissue, marrow and cartilage

A

Primary spongiosa

54
Q

________: The area of the metaphysis composed of more mature trabeculae (lamellar bone) which become fewer and thicker.

A

Secondary spongiosa

55
Q

Bones grow in width by _______

A

Intramembranous bone formation

56
Q

Except for _____, the surfaces of bones are covered by periosteum.

A

Articular surfaces

57
Q

Except for articular surfaces, the surfaces of bones are covered by ______

A

Periostium

58
Q

The periostium is composed microscopically of an outer __________ and an innerr _____ or ______ layer

A
  • fibrous layer

- osteogenic or cambium layer

59
Q

_____: the layer of the periostium that provides structural support

A

Fibrous layer

60
Q

________: the layer of the periostium that is capable of forming both normal lamellarappositional bone on the cortex of growing bone and abnormal woven bone formation in response to injury.

A

Osteogenic or cambium layer

61
Q

The periostium covering the physis is called the _________

A

Perichondrial ring

62
Q

What is the function of the perichondrial ring?

A

The perichondrial ring adds new cartilage tto the periphery opf the physis, enabling the physis to expand in width.

63
Q

The articular surfaces are composed of ______ supported by underlying ______

A
  • articular cartilage

- subchondral bone

64
Q

Growth of articular cartilage is achieved via _____

A

Interstitial growth

65
Q

Following cessation of growth, articular chondrocytes are no longer able to divide, but are capable of producing ________

A

Additional cartilage matrix

66
Q

Most nutrients to articular cartilagee are recieved by _____ from the _______

A
  • diffusion

- synovial fluid

67
Q

Four cartilaginous zones

A
  • superficial (tangential) zone
  • transition zone
  • radial zone
  • deep zone
68
Q

The junction bettween the radial zone and tthe calcified cartilage is known as the ______

A

Tidemark

69
Q

______: cartilage layer which is a narrow zone of small, flattened chondrocytes aligned parallel to the articular surface

A

superficial (tangential) zone

70
Q

______: cartilage layer which is made up of chondrocytes with an ovoid morphology

A

transition zone

71
Q

______: cartilage layer where the chondrocytes are aligned in longitudinal rows perpendicular to the articula surface

A

radial zone

72
Q

______: cartilage layer of calcified cartilage that interlocks with the subchondral bone to anchor the articular cartilage.

A

deep zone

73
Q

the alignment of chondrocytes corresponds with the alignment of the ___________ within the extracellular matrix

A

type II collagen fibers

74
Q

the junction between the _________ and the __________ is known as the tidemark

A
  • radial zone

- calcified cartilage

75
Q

growth of the epiphysis contributes to the overall length of the bone and is accomplished by endochondral ossification at the __________

A

articular-epiphyseal (AE) complex

76
Q

___________: the zone of endochondral ossification beneath the articular cartilage in growing animals

A

articular-epiphyseal (AE) complex

77
Q

_______: the center of the intervertebral disc

A

nucleus pulposus

78
Q

________: the periphery of the intervertebral disc

A

annulus fibrosus

Musculoskeletal (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions