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Musculoskeletal > Skeletal Activities - Bone fracture, Healing, and Treatment > Flashcards

Skeletal Activities - Bone fracture, Healing, and Treatment Flashcards

1
Q

bone grows in length via __________ and in width via __________

A
  • endochondral ossification

- appositional growth

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2
Q

7 stages in initial bone development through endochondral ossification

A
  • hyaline cartilage model
  • calcification of cartilage
  • primary ossification center formation
  • medullary cavity development
  • secondary ossification centers formation
  • formation of compact bone
  • mature bone
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3
Q

______ and ______ cartilage growth causes the cartilage model to lengthen and broaden

A
  • interstitial

- appositional

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4
Q

Does a medullary cavity occur in a secondary ossification center?

A

No

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5
Q

During fetal bone development, cartilage is entirely replaced by bone except for __________ and __________

A
  • epiphyseal growth plate

- articular cartilage

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6
Q

In mature bone the only cartilage remaining is where?

A

on the articular suraces

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7
Q

_________ spongiosa is made up of immature trabeculae

A

primary

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8
Q

_________ spongiosa is made up of mature trabeculae

A

secondary

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9
Q

________: the sculpting process that follows the elongation of growth. process by which the overall shape is changed in response to physiologic and/or mechanical influence

A

bone modeling

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10
Q

during bone modeling, bone formation occurs at the ________ surface and bone resorption occurs at the ________ surface

A
  • periosteal surface

- endosteal surface

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11
Q

________: wherein old bone is resorbed by osteoclasts and replaced by new bone at the same surface

A

bone remodeling

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12
Q

(bone modeling/bone remodeling) does NOT result in a change in the shape or position of bone

A

bone remodeling

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13
Q

3 things that can shift the balance between bone formation and resorption

A
  • drugs
  • hormones
  • mechanical forces
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14
Q

What does BRU stand for?

A

Bone Remodeling Unit

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15
Q

4 stages a BRU goes through

A
  • resorption
  • reversal
  • formation
  • resting
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16
Q

_____: BRU stage where osteoclasts break down mineralized matrix, creating an erosion cavity

A

resorption

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17
Q

_____: BRU stage where mononuclear cells prepare bone surface for new osteoblasts that will form bone

A

reversal

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18
Q

_____: BRU stage where osteoblasts synthesize osteoid, which is then mineralized

A

formation

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19
Q

_____: the BRU holding stage between remodeling cycles

A

resting

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20
Q

_______ is a condition where bone resorption outweighs bone formation, commonly seen in human females following menopause

A

osteoporosis

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21
Q

bone adapts to loading by modifying its ________ and/or ____________

A
  • mass

- architecture

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22
Q

_______: a break in the continuity of bone

A

fracture

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23
Q

5 areas of fracture classification

A
  • etiology
  • displacement
  • relation to the external environment
  • pattern
  • location
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24
Q

3 etiological categories of fractures

A
  • traumatic
  • pathologic fracture
  • stress fracture
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25
Q

2 displacement categories for a fracture

A
  • undisplaced

- displaced

26
Q

2 categories for a fracture’s relation to the external environment

A
  • simple/closed

- compound/open

27
Q

8 types of fracture patterns

A
  • transverse
  • oblique
  • spiral
  • comminuated
  • avulsion
  • impacted
  • fissure
  • greenstick
28
Q

3 categories of fracture location

A
  • growth plate
  • trabecular bone
    cortical bone
29
Q

3 signs of fracture

A
  • lameness
  • pain
  • swelling
30
Q

Fracture treatment can depend on what 5 factors?

A
  • type of fracture
  • age
  • health
  • owner’s finances
  • surgeon’s technical expertise
31
Q

6 factors that impair bone fracture healing

A
  • advanced age
  • poor nutritional status
  • inadequate blood supply
  • soft tissue between fractured ends of bone
  • inadequate immobilization
  • infection at frature site
32
Q

4 arterial blood supplies to long bones

A
  • nutrient artery (marrow cavity)
  • metaphyseal artery
  • epiphyseal artery
  • periosteal artery
33
Q

at heavy periosteal attachments, the outer 1/3 is supplied by branches of periosteal arteries (________) and the inner 2/3 is supplied by branches of the nutrient artery (________)

A
  • centripetal flow

- centrifugal flow

34
Q

at sites of loose periosteal attachment, nearly the entire cortex is supplied by _________ flow from the _____________

A
  • centrifugal flow

- nutrient artery

35
Q

centripetal flow to the cortical bone is supplied by the ______ arteries

A

periosteal

36
Q

centrifugal flow to the cortical bone is supplied by the _______ arteries

A

branches of the nutrient artery

37
Q

2 types of bone healing

A
  • direct (primary) bone healing

- indirect (secondary) bone healing

38
Q

__________ bone healing accounts for 1 % of clinical cases and _________ bone healing accounts for the other 99%

A
  • direct

- indirect

39
Q

Which type of bone healing does not require callus formation?

A

direct bone healing

40
Q

_______ bone healing only occurs under conditions of absolute fracture stability

A

direct

41
Q

_______ bone healing occurs via direct osteonal remodeling

A

direct

42
Q

________ bone healing occurs when fixation and stabilization are inadequate for direct osteonal remodeling

A

indirect

43
Q

_______ bone healing requires the formation of a fibrous/cartilaginous callus to proceed

A

indirect

44
Q

_________ occurs in areas of cortical bone by the energy of the trauma itself

A

necrotic bone

45
Q

necrotic bone removal is accomplished by _____

A

osteoclasts

46
Q

________: the unit that re-establishes the Haversian structure of the cortex during direct bone healing

A

cutter cone

47
Q

the 2 components of the cutter cone

A
  • osteoclasts at the tip of a capillary bud that crosses the fracture site
  • behind the osteoclasts, a cuff of osteoblasts lays down concentric lamellae of bone (osteons)
48
Q

4 stages of indirect (secondary) bone healing

A
  • inflammation
  • soft callus
  • hard callus
  • remodeling
49
Q

hematoma formation occurs during the _______ stage of indirect bone healing

A

inflammation

50
Q

the repair stage of indirect bone healing includes the formation of the ________ and _________

A
  • soft callus

- hard callus

51
Q

In a fracture, the periosteum will be torn where?

A

Opposite the point of impact

52
Q

2 key components to management of bone fractures

A
  • fixation

- stabilization

53
Q

_____: apposition of bone fragments

A

apposition

54
Q

______: preventing the movement of bone fragments

A

stabilization

55
Q

2 types of fracture nonunions

A
  • vascular

- avascular (atrophic)

56
Q

______: type of nonunion in which a callus forms but the fracture fails to heal

A

vascular

57
Q

_______: type of nonunion where a bone callus fails to form

A

avascular (atrophic)

58
Q

which type of nonunion has a better chance at recovery?

A

vascular

59
Q

6 methods of stimulating bone fracture healing

A
  • implantation of cancellous bone autograft
  • percutaneous injection of bone marrow cells
  • implantation of bone graft substitute
  • bone morphogenic protein (BMP)
  • electrical or ultrasound stimulation
  • shock wave treatment
60
Q

What is the most commonly used method of bone fracture stimulation used by veterinary orthopods?

A

implantation of cancellous bone autograft

Musculoskeletal (13 decks)

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