Overview of the Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
3 naturally occurring selected adaptations of the musculoskeletal system
- endurance (ability to range)
- speed
- strength
speed = _______ times ________
- stride length
- stride frequency
3 skeletal improvements to enhance speed
- limb elongation
- proximal mass distribution
- disproportionate growth of distal bones
3 consequences of adaptations to increase speed
- change in stance
- loss of functional digits
- loss of manipulative skills
__________ affords equal speed for shorter limbed animals
spine flexibility
spine flexibility effectively increases ___________ and ______________
- functional limb length
- proximal muscle mass distribution
3 types of muscle fibers
Type I
- slow twitch (S)
Type II
- fatigueable fast twitch (FF)1
- fatigue resistant fast twitch (FR)
type ___ fibers are adapted for speed/strength
type II
type ___ fibers are adapted for endurance
type I
animals bred for speed have a greater percentage of ______ muscle fibers
Type II
animals bred for endurance have a greater percentage of _______ muscle fibers
Type I
the greater the shortening ability of a muscle, the _____ force production possible
less
the structure of a muscle influences the _________ and _________
- rang of shortening
- force production
force production is proportional to the ____________ of a muscle
cross sectional area
______: typically decreases joint angle
flexion
______: typically increases joint angle
extension
location of the muscle-tendon attachment influences the _______
torque
_____: rotational force about an axis
torque
torque is equal to ___________ times ___________
- force
- perpendicular distance from the line of force to the pivot point
the torque that a muscle generates about a joint is proportional to the distance of the ______ from the ______
- attachment
- joint
the torque that a muscle generates about a joint is proportional to the distance of the ______ from the ______
- attachment
- joint
a shorter moment arm equals _______ range, _______ torque
- greater range
- less torque
a greater moment arm equals ________ range, _______ torque
- less range
- greater torque
______ generated by a muscle about a joint is not constant, moment arms change with changes in _______
- torque
- joint angle
