Overview of the Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

3 naturally occurring selected adaptations of the musculoskeletal system

Answer 1

• endurance (ability to range)
• speed
• strength

Question 2

speed = _______ times ________

Answer 2

• stride length

- stride frequency

Question 3

3 skeletal improvements to enhance speed

Answer 3

• limb elongation
• proximal mass distribution
• disproportionate growth of distal bones

Question 4

3 consequences of adaptations to increase speed

Answer 4

• change in stance
• loss of functional digits
• loss of manipulative skills

Question 5

__________ affords equal speed for shorter limbed animals

Answer 5

spine flexibility

Question 6

spine flexibility effectively increases ___________ and ______________

Answer 6

• functional limb length

- proximal muscle mass distribution

Question 7

3 types of muscle fibers

Answer 7

Type I
- slow twitch (S)

Type II

• fatigueable fast twitch (FF)1
• fatigue resistant fast twitch (FR)

Question 8

type ___ fibers are adapted for speed/strength

Answer 8

type II

Question 9

type ___ fibers are adapted for endurance

Answer 9

type I

Question 10

animals bred for speed have a greater percentage of ______ muscle fibers

Answer 10

Type II

Question 11

animals bred for endurance have a greater percentage of _______ muscle fibers

Answer 11

Type I

Question 12

the greater the shortening ability of a muscle, the _____ force production possible

Answer 12

less

Question 13

the structure of a muscle influences the _________ and _________

Answer 13

• rang of shortening

- force production

Question 14

force production is proportional to the ____________ of a muscle

Answer 14

cross sectional area

Question 15

______: typically decreases joint angle

Answer 15

flexion

Question 16

______: typically increases joint angle

Answer 16

extension

Question 17

location of the muscle-tendon attachment influences the _______

Answer 17

torque

Question 18

_____: rotational force about an axis

Answer 18

torque

Question 19

torque is equal to ___________ times ___________

Answer 19

• force

- perpendicular distance from the line of force to the pivot point

Question 20

the torque that a muscle generates about a joint is proportional to the distance of the ______ from the ______

Answer 20

• attachment

- joint

Question 21

the torque that a muscle generates about a joint is proportional to the distance of the ______ from the ______

Answer 21

• attachment

- joint

Question 22

a shorter moment arm equals _______ range, _______ torque

Answer 22

• greater range

- less torque

Question 23

a greater moment arm equals ________ range, _______ torque

Answer 23

• less range

- greater torque

Question 24

______ generated by a muscle about a joint is not constant, moment arms change with changes in _______

Answer 24

• torque

- joint angle