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Histology Flashcards

1
Q

2 periods of growth

A
  • embryonic

- fetal

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2
Q

4 mechanisms of growth

A
  • cell proliferation
  • protoplasmic synthesis
  • water uptake
  • intercellular matrix deposition
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3
Q

__________: the colorless material comprising the living part of a cell, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles

A

protoplasm

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4
Q

growth in the _________ system represents the major component of increase in overall body mass during the growth phase

A

musculoskeltal

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5
Q

_________________ are used to compare growth patterns within a species

A

absolute growth scales

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6
Q

____________ are used to compare growth patterns between species

A

relative growth scales

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7
Q

growth patterns will reflect ______ differences within a species

A

gender

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8
Q

___________: in which a larger body size would preserve the same size relationships among body parts

A

geometric scaling

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9
Q

__________: in which some body parts change non-linearly with growth`

A

elastic scaling

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10
Q

__________: a mathematical tool used to analyze scaling, the study of the relationship between size and shape

A

allometry

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11
Q

What is the allometric equation?

A

Y=bX^k

Where
Y= thing measured
X= total body weight
b= proportionality constant
k= allometric growth coefficient (the slope in log-log plots)
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12
Q

_________: where a body part grows proportionally faster than the organism as a whole

A

positive allometry

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13
Q

________: where a body part grows proportionally slower than the organism as a whole

A

negative allometry

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14
Q

_________: condition in which all portions of the body are growing at the same rate

A

isometry

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15
Q

3 muscle types

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
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16
Q

which muscle type is under voluntary control?

A

skeletal

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17
Q

_______: spindle shaped, non-striated, uninucleated fibers

A

smooth muscle

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18
Q

______: tubular, striated, multinucleated fibers

A

skeletal muscle

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19
Q

______: striated, branched, uninucleated fibers

A

cardiac muscle

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20
Q

4 tissue types that develop from the mesoderm/mesenchyme

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • connective tissue
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21
Q

somite dermatomes develop into ________

A

connective tissues

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22
Q

somite myotomes develop into ________

A

skeletal muscle

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23
Q

somite sclerotomes develop into _______

A

axial skeleton

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24
Q

somite ________ develop into connective tissues

A

dermatomes

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25
Q

somite ________ develop into skeletal muscle

A

myotomes

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26
Q

somite ________ develop into axial skeleton

A

sclerotomes

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27
Q

____________ develops into the appendicular skeleton

A

lateral plate somatic mesoderm

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28
Q

lateral plate somatic mesoderm develops into the __________

A

appendicular skeleton

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29
Q

head mesenchyme develops into___________

A

skull and branchial arch bone + cartilage

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30
Q

______________ develops into skull and branchial arch bone + cartilage

A

head mesenchyme

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31
Q

somitomeres develop into _____________

A

striated muscle of the head and branchial arches 1-3

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32
Q

_________ develop into striated muscle of the head and branchial arches 1-3

A

somitomeres

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33
Q

What happens to myotome cells when they lose the ability to undergo mitosis?

A

they become myoblasts

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34
Q

myotome cells become myoblasts when they __________ and begin ___________

A
  • lose the ability to undergo mitosis

- synthesizing myofibrillar proteins

35
Q

postmitotic myoblasts fuse together to form a __________

A

syncytium/myotube

36
Q

_________: an elongated, multinucleated muscle fiber

A

myotube/syncitium

37
Q

myotubes will begin to synthesize _______ and ________

A
  • actin

- myosin

38
Q

in the myotube, the nuclei will migrate to the ___________ and the cytoplasm is filled with ____________ in a characteristic _____________

A
  • periphery
  • bundles of contractile filaments
  • banding pattern
39
Q

___________: the outer capsule of the muscle

40
Q

_________: the inward extensions of epimysium that package groups of muscle cells into fascicles and bring nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics into the muscle

A

perimysium

41
Q

__________: loose connective tissue that surrounds individual multinucleated muscle fibers; brings in capillaries and the smallest division of nerves

A

endomysium

42
Q

____________: the process of laying down new bone material by osteoblasts

A

ossification/osteogenesis

43
Q

the growth plates of a long bone are located at the junction of the ___________ and the _________

A
  • epiphysis (articular region)

- diaphysis (shaft region)

44
Q

the ______ can be viewed as a synarthrotic cartilaginous joint between two bones

A

growth plate/physes

45
Q

4 zones of cartilaginous growth and mineralization

A
  • zone of resting chondrocytes
  • zone of proliferative chondrocytes
  • zone of hypertrophied chondrocytes
  • zone of calcified cartilage
46
Q

___________: chondrocytes are scattered, they do not divide and may serve to weld the growth plate to the epiphysis

A

zone of resting chondrocytes

47
Q

_________: isogenic columns of actively dividing chondrocytes; site of elongation of the long bone. the more mature chondrocytes are located at the diaphyseal end of the columns

A

zone of proliferative chondrocytes

48
Q

_________: narrow zone at the diaphyseal end of the column, in which chondrocytes with lacunae are large and intercellular matrix is minimal

A

zone of hypertrophied chondrocytes

49
Q

__________: the weakest site in the growth plate and therefore the major site of fractures

A

zone of hypertrophied chondrocytes

50
Q

________: cartilaginous area where the matrix is more darkly stained due to calcium deposition

A

zone of calcified cartilage

51
Q

after growth is finished, the tidemark will be a visible border between the ___________ and the ____________

A
  • zone of articular cartilage

- zone of calcification

52
Q

_________: the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells

A

hypertrophy

53
Q

_________: develop from the fusion of macrophages and aremuch larger multinucleated cells that remodel/digest existing bone

A

osteoclasts

54
Q

4 contents of a haversian canal

A
  • artery
  • vein
  • nerve
  • lymph vessel
55
Q

_________: denotes the border between articular cartilage and mineralized cartilage (in mature bone)

56
Q

______ unite bones

A

articulations (joints)

57
Q

_________: a movable joint

A

diarthroidal

58
Q

_________: an immovable joint

A

synarthroidal

59
Q

joints are defined histologically by the __________ within the joint

A

type of connective tissue

60
Q

__________: a fluid filled joint

A

synovial joint

61
Q

What type of joint is dealt with most often in clinical medicine and surgery?

A

synovial joints

62
Q

intervertebral joints are examples of the _________ type, where fibrocartilage connects the articulating components

63
Q

5 categories of joints

A
  • synchonrosis
  • syndesomsis
  • synostosis
  • synovial
  • symphysis
64
Q

Which 3 types of joints are synarthrotic?

A
  • syndhondrosis
  • syndesmosis
  • synostosis
65
Q

What type of joint is diarthrotic?

66
Q

What type of joint is amphiarthrotic?

67
Q

_______ joint: bar or plate of hyaline cartilage between 2 bones

A

synchondrosis

68
Q

_______ joint: ligament or fibrous membrane between 2 bones

A

syndesmosis

69
Q

_______ joint: bones fused into a single unit

A

synostosis

70
Q

______ joint: articulating bone surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity, surrounded by a joint capsule

71
Q

________ joint: articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage, separated by a pad of fibrocartilage

72
Q

______: located between the articular heads, normally filled with synovial fluid

A

joint cavity

73
Q

_______: infolding of synovial membrane into the synovial space

A

synovial fold

74
Q

___________: the site of synovial fluid production

A

synovial fold

75
Q

_______: an epithelioid layer of fibroblasts that encases the synovial fluid

A

synovial membrane

76
Q

_______: dense white fibrous connective tissue that contains elastic fibers

A

fibrous layer

77
Q

the fibrous layer attaches to the bone at the _________

A

perichondral ring

78
Q

_________: an area of transition between the articular cartilage and the periosteum of the diaphysis

A

perichondral ring

79
Q

________: a remnant of the notochord found within the intervertebral joints

A

nucleus pulposus

80
Q

___________: collagenous fibers that attach tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules to bone

A

Sharpey’s Fibers

81
Q

__________: bundles of collagenous fibers arranged in parallel which function to anchor or bind muscles to bones

82
Q

_______: consist mostly of bundles of elastin molecules formed into elastic fibers with some bundles of collagen, bind bone to bone

83
Q

due to their high concentration of elastin, ligaments are therefore more ________ than tendons, but offer less __________

A
  • elastic and flexible

- tensile strength

Musculoskeletal (13 decks)

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