Skeletal Flashcards
How many bones do we have?
206
You already know the spine
Cervical/Thoracic/Lumbar/Sacrum/Coccyx
Name the bones of the skull and their locations
- Frontal – forms the forehead
- Parietal – the upper lateral sides of the cranium
- Occipital – the posterior skull and base of the cranial cavity
- Temporal – the lower lateral sides of the cranium
- Sphenoid -the ‘keystone’ bone that forms part of the base of the skull and eye sockets
- Ethmoid – forms part of the nose and orbit and base of the cranium
- Auditory ossicles – the small bones of the middle ear
- External auditory meatus – the external opening of the ear and temporal bone
What is housed in the Axial Skeleton?
Head, Neck, Chest, and Back. Protects brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. Of course for muscles that that attach to these places
80 bones
Skull
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Cage
12 sets of ribs - what are they?
- 7 true ribs – they are attached to the front of the sternum
- 3 false ribs – they are attached to the cartilage that joins the sternum
- 2 floating ribs – they are not attached to the front of the sternum
Name the bones of the face and their location
- Zygomatic – the cheekbone
- Maxillary – the upper jaw and hard palate
- Palatine – the lateral walls of the nose
- Lacrimal – the walls of the orbit
- Inferior conchae – the lower lateral wall of the nasal cavity
- Vomer – the bone that separates the left and right nasal cavity
- Mandible – the lower jaw bone (the only movable bone of the skull)
- Hyoid – the bone located between the mandible and larynx, not connected to other bones
3 parts of the sternum
- manubrium – the upper portion of the breast bone
- body – the middle portion of the breast bone
- xiphoid process – the lower portion of the breast bone and is made up of cartilage
Appendicular Skeleton what is it?
All upper and lower limb bones that attach to the axial skeleton. 126 if you’re wondering.
Bones of the pectoral girdle
- Scapula – the shoulder blades
- Clavicle – the collarbone, which connects the sternum to the scapula
- Acromion – the extension that forms the bony point of the shoulder
Bones of the wrist and hand
- Carpals – the wrist bones
- Metacarpals – the bones in the palm
- Phalanges – the finger and toe bones
Bones of the pelvic region
- Pelvic girdle – the hip or coxal bone; it is formed by the fusion of three bones during adolescence
- Illium – the largest part of the hip bone
- Ischium – the lower portion of pelvic girdle
- Pubis – the anterior portion of pelvic girdle
- Pelvis – consists of four bones: the left and right hip bones as well as the sacrum and coccyx
- Acetabulum – the large socket in the pelvic bones that holds the head of the femur
Bones of the leg
- Femur – the thigh bone and is also referred to as the upper leg bone; it is the longest and strongest bone in the human body
- Patella – the kneecap
- Tibia – the shin bone; it is a medial bone and the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
- Fibula – the smaller of the lower leg bones (see Figure 6.6)
Bones of the ankle and foot
- Tarsals – the ankle bones (7 total)
- Malleolus – the bony protrusions of the ankle bones
- Talus – the superior ankle bones
- Calcaneus – the heel bones
- Metatarsals – the foot bones
- Phalanges – the bones of the toes (see Figure 6.7)
Two Types of Bone Marrow, what do they do
Red = produces red blood cells through hematopoiesis
Yellow = Adipose tissue, source of energy
What minerals do the skeletal system house?
Calcium and phosphate
Articulations
Joints (bone meet bone)
Synarthrosis
Joints allow no movement (skull)
Amphiarthrosis
Joints allow some movement (pubic symphysis)
Diarthrosis
Joints allows free movement (knee)
Cartilage
the elastic connective tissue that is found at the ends of bones, nose tip, et cetera
Synovial Membrane
the lining or covering of synovial joints
Sagittal Plane Movements
Flex/Ext
Frontal Plane Movements
Abd/Add
Circumduction
Movement of a body region in a circular manner
Where can rotation occur in the body (places/joints)?
Pivot joint, ball-and-socket joint, and veterbral column
Osteoporosis
bone loss that causes bones to become weak and thin over time. This weakness can lead to fractures from simple movements and occur often in the wrist, shoulder, spine, and hip
Arthritis
presents as edema, arthralgia, and ankylosis (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, n.d.-a). Common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Gout and lupus.
Osteoarthritis
most common form of arthritis and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), affects over 32.5 million adults in the United States. The breakdown of cartilage and bone occurs over time when joints are exposed to heavy workloads either through occupation, obesity, and/or prior injury to a joint. Common signs and symptoms are pain, stiffness, and aching that worsens over time. While there is no cure, symptoms can be managed through exercise, medications, and in severe cases, joint replacements
Rheumatoid Arthritis
an autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system overreacts and begins to attack itself. In the case of RA, inflammation of the joint tissues of the hands, wrists, and knees is painful and debilitating. Treatments may include immunosuppressive drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs (Betts et al., 2013). RA can also affect other tissues throughout the body and cause problems in organs such as the lungs, heart, and eyes. RA can affect children; in this case, it is referred to as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Gout
an inflammatory arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in a joint. Gout has periods of flares and remission and is commonly treated through lifestyle changes and medication. While any joint can be affected, it is common in the lower extremities and most often in the big toe
Myasthenia Gravis
a “chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles”
Fibromyalgia
a challenging disease to diagnose since symptoms manifest differently and are similar to other diseases. Signs and symptoms may include widespread pain, chronic fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, and headaches. It is not known what causes fibromyalgia. A doctor may need to order tests to rule out other conditions before making a diagnosis of fibromyalgia
Osteomyelitis
a bone infection caused when staphylococcus bacteria travel through the bloodstream from an infection in one part of the body to the bone. Staphylococcus bacteria are found on the skin, and they can transfer to the bone through a wound and/or surgical contamination. The risk increases as people age or if their immune system is compromised
Kyphosis
Also referred to as humpback, it is an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region. This can develop when osteoporosis causes weakening and erosion of the anterior portions of the upper thoracic vertebrae, resulting in their gradual collapse
Lordosis
Also referred to as swayback, it is an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region and is most commonly associated with obesity or late pregnancy. The accumulation of body weight in the abdominal region results in an anterior shift in the line of gravity that carries the weight of the body. This causes an anterior tilt of the pelvis and a pronounced enhancement of the lumbar curve.
Functions of the skeletal system
Structural support, facilitates movement, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores/releases minerals and fats
Scoliosis
An abnormal, lateral curvature, accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column. Scoliosis is the most common vertebral abnormality among girls. The cause is usually unknown, but it may result from weakness of the back muscles, defects such as differential growth rates in the right and left sides of the vertebral column, or differences in the length of the lower limbs. When present, scoliosis tends to get worse during adolescent growth spurts. Although most individuals do not require treatment, a back brace may be recommended for growing children. In extreme cases, surgery may be required.
Fracture
a broken bone. It will heal whether or not a physician resets it in its anatomical position. If the bone is not reset correctly, the healing process will keep the bone in its deformed position.
Crepitus
the creaking or popping sound that is heard when fractured bones move against each other. Fractures are classified by their complexity, location, and other features
Closed/Simple Fx
Broken, no protrusion
Open/Compound Fx
Broken, pierced through the skin
Transverse Fx
Broken straight across
Spiral Fx
Bone twisted apart
Comminuted Fx
Broken and crushed into pieces
Greenstick Fx
Bones are partially broken, children
Oblique Fx
Broken at an angle
Coles Fx
Bones are broken at wrist or distal radius
Stress Fx
Small crack in the bone
Bone Cancer (three types)
three types of primary bone cancers: osteosarcoma, Ewing Sarcomas, and chondrosarcoma. These are considered primary cancers because they originate in the bones. Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcomas primarily affect children, teenagers, and young adults. Chondrosarcoma primarily affects older adults
Rheumatologist
medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the joints, muscles, and bones. They diagnose and treat diseases such as arthritis, musculoskeletal disorders, osteoporosis, plus autoimmune diseases like ankylosing spondylitis, a chronic spinal inflammatory disease, and rheumatoid arthritis
Dual x-ray absorptiometry (BMD), also called a bone mineral density test
test to determine osteoporosis by measuring the amount of bone mineral in a particular amount of bone
Arthroscopy
a procedure that involves a small incision and the insertion into the joint of an arthroscope, a pencil-thin instrument that allows for visualization of the joint interior. Small surgical instruments are also inserted via additional incisions. These tools allow a surgeon to remove or repair a torn meniscus or to reconstruct a ruptured cruciate ligament.
Ankylosis
Fixation and immobility of a joint
Arthalgia
Painful joint
Arthrocentesis
Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint
Arthrodesis
Surgical fixation of a joint
Arthroplasty
Joint replacement surgery
Autoimmune Disorders
Disorders in which the immune system overreacts and begins to attack itself.
Bradykinesia
Condition of slow movement
Craniotomy
Piece of skull is removed
Diskectomy
Excision of disk
Dyskinesia
Abnormal involuntary movements of the extremities, trunk, or jaw
Edema
Swelling due to excessive liquid in the tissues.
Hematopoiesis
Production of red blood cells
Hyperkinesia
Excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole
Osteitis
Inflammation of bone.
Osteoblast
The cell responsible for forming new bone.
Osteopenia
Abnormally low bone mass or bone mineral density.
Osteopetrosis
Abnormal condition of porous bones.
Osteosarcoma
Malignant tumor of bone.
Sarcopenia
Age-related muscle atrophy.
Spondyloarthritis
Inflammation of the joints of the spine.
Spondylosis
A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the vertebra, intervertebral disk, and surrounding soft tissue.
Synovectomy
Excision of the synovial membrane.
Synovial Sarcoma
Malignant tumor of the synovial membrane.
Vertebroplasty
A procedure used to repair a bone in the spine that has a break caused by cancer, osteoporosis, or trauma.
-asthenia
weakness
-centesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
-clasia, -clasis, -clast
break
-desis
fixation/fusion
-schisis
fissure/split
