Muscular Flashcards
Excitability
All three muscle tissues have some properties in common; they all exhibit a quality called excitability as their plasma membranes can change their electrical states (from polarized to depolarized) and send an electrical wave called an action potential along the entire length of the membrane.
Skeletal Muscle
closely associated with the skeletal system. Also known as striated muscles, they are responsible for voluntary muscle movement, such as swallowing, et cetera.
Movement, stability, and preventing of damage/deformation, protection, and function
Also create heat, especially in cold weather, they will involuntarily contract (homeostasis)
Smooth Muscle
mainly associated with the walls of the internal organs. Also known as visceral muscles, they are responsible for involuntary muscle movement, such as breathing, et cetera.
no striation (hence the name). In passage ways, hollow organs, and tracts. Also in skin and eyes
Cardiac Muscle
heart muscle or myocardium. Its appearance is similar to a skeletal muscle and is responsible for the pumping of blood. It gives the heart beat.
Highly coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle pump blood into the vessels of the circulatory system. Similar to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is striated and organized into sarcomeres, possessing the same banding organization as skeletal muscle (see Figure 7.1). Cardiac muscle fibers cells also are extensively branched and are connected to one another at their ends by intercalated discs.
Intercalated disc
allows the cardiac muscle cells to contract in a wave-like pattern so that the heart can work as a pump.
Divisions
biceps, triceps, quadriceps
Size
Maximus, Minimus
Shape
Deltoid, trapezius
Action
Flex, adduct
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is caused by the inability of the body to make dystrophin (a muscle protein). This causes the muscles to become weak as the person ages. This disease primarily affects boys. Signs and symptoms typically present before the age of six and may include a delay of motor milestones and progressive weakness in the lower extremities and pelvis. Since all muscles are affected, the person will eventually require a wheelchair and assistance with breathing
Cerebral Palsy
caused by an interruption to the normal development of a person’s brain leading to weakness with muscles. Depending on the area of the brain that is affected, signs and symptoms will vary in the type and severity between individuals. Balance and coordination are often challenging due to the inability to control muscles
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
may present with pain, numbness, or weakness to the hand(s) caused by pressure on the median nerve. Some causes for this pressure are repetitive movements, trauma or injury to the wrist, or fluid retention related to pregnancy or menopause
Paralysis
the loss of strength and control of the muscles in parts of the body. Paralysis can be localized where it affects specific areas such as the face, feet, vocal cords, et cetera, or it can be generalized where it affects a larger area of the body.
Paresis
a partial paralysis wherein there is a moderate degree of muscular weakness
Paraplegia
paralysis that affects the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk
