Blood Vessels and Blood Flashcards
Endo-
within
epi-
on, upon, over
pan-
all
angi/o
blood vessel
-ac, -ar, -ic, -ous
pertaining to
-genic
producing/originating
-poiesis
formation
-stasis
stopping
Hematocrit
lab test which measures the percentage red blood cells in a sample of whole blood
Cardiogenic
Originating from the heart
Thrombocytosis
condition in which there are too many platelets
Angiography
A procedure to X-ray blood vessels
Polycythemia vera
type of bone marrow disease that causes an excessive production of immature erythrocytes
plasmapheresis
procedure in which a machine is used to separate the plasma from the blood cells
Pneumothorax
abnormal collection of air in the space between the thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and the chest cavity that can cause all or part of the lung to collapse
Aortic Stenosis
a condition in which the aortic valve becomes rigid and may calcify over time
Endarterectomy
Excision of plaque from within the artery
Lymphoma
form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues
Hemostasis
process by which the body seals a ruptured blood vessel to prevent further blood loss
Thrombus
aggregation of fibrin, platelets, and erythrocytes in an intact artery or vein
Erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone produced by the kidneys that triggers the production of red blood cells
Myeloma
Cancer that arises in plasma cells
Myelopoiesis
Formation of bone marrow
Thrombophlebitis
thromb/o/phleb/itis
inflammation of a vein that occurs when a blood clot forms
Hypoxemia
Below 95 percent oxygen saturation
Thymoma
Tumor of the thymus gland
Pancytopenia
condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of red and white blood cells and platelets in the blood
Three layers of both arteries and veins
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
What does the tunica media do?
Smooth muscles provides the vessel with the ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate
-osis
abnormal condition
Hemopoiesis
The process by which the body produces blood
What are the five variables that influence blood flow and blood pressure
Cardiac output
Vessel compliance
Volume of the blood
Viscosity of the blood
Blood vessel length and diameter
Blood Pressure
force exerted by blood upon the walls of the blood vessels or the chambers of the heart and systemic circulation
Pulse
Each time the heart ejects blood forcefully into the circulation, the arteries must expand and then recoil to accommodate the surge of blood moving through them. This expansion and recoiling of the arterial wall is called the pulse and allows us to measure heart rate.
What might a high/irregular pulse indicate?
physical activity or a heart condition.
Too Strong of a Pulse Indicates
systolic pressure is high (ventricular contractions and cardiac output)
Too Weak of a Pulse Indicates
systolic pressure has fallen, needs treatment
What is blood
Connective tissue made of RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and plasma.
When Centrifuging, what’s in the tube top to bottom?
Top: plasma
Middle (buffy): WBCs, platelets
Bottom (hematocrit): RBCs
What is plasma?
water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, etc
Extramedullary hematopoeisis
The liver and spleen can generate the formed elements.
Bone cancer destroy bone marrow causing hemopoiesis to fail, causing extramedullary hematopoiesis to occur.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells/Hemocytoblasts
Stem cells of the red bone marrows that form blood
Hemopoietic growth factors
Hemopoiesis starts with the hemocytoblasts interacting with hemopoietic growth factors that then prompts it to divide and differentiate.
Erythrocyte
basically sacs packed with an oxygen-carrying compound called hemoglobin.
Leukocyte
protect the body against invading microorganisms and body cells with mutated DNA, and they clean up debris; thus, they are a major component of the body’s defenses against disease.
Diapedesis/Emigration
Leukocytes, specifically macrophages and microglia leave the bloodstream to perform defensive mechanisms in the body’s tissue. Squeeze through the blood vessel wall
Positive Chemotaxis
Leukocytes moving toward the direction in which they are drawn by chemical signals
Lymphocytes (what are the different groups)
Natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells.
NKs: recognize cells that don’t express: cancer, infected cells, and atypical surface proteins
B cells maturate in the bone marrow
- Plasma cells (antibody producer)
- Memory Cells (form after pathogen exposure)
T cells maturate in the thymus
- Attack bad cells
- Memory cells
Platelets
key players in hemostasis, the process by which the body seals a ruptured blood vessel and prevents further loss of blood.
How do platelets patch a rupture?
- Vascular spasm
- Formation of a platelet plug
- Coagulation
What happens if the platelets don’t patch a rupture?
Hemorrhaging
Antigens
substances that the body does not recognize as belonging to itself (“self”) and that therefore trigger a defensive response from the leukocytes of the immune system.
Antibodies
produced by plasma cells in response to a “non-self” antigen being present in the body. Antibodies attach to the antigens on the plasma membranes of the erythrocytes in a blood transfusion and cause them to adhere to one another.
Agglutination
the resulting clumps of red blood cells that are formed in such an antigen-antibody reaction. These clumps can block small blood vessels, thereby cutting off the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
Hemolysis
the breakdown of the erythrocyte’s cell membrane, takes place as the clumps of red cells start to degrade. The resulting release of the cell’s contents, mainly hemoglobin, into the bloodstream can cause kidney failure.
Blood Type A
Anti-B, Antigen A, compatible with AO
Blood Type B
Anti-A, Antigen B, compatible with BO
Blood Type AB
No Antibodies, A and B antigens, can take any blood type
Blood Type O
Anti-A and Anti-B, No antigens, can be given to anyone
Rh Blood Group Explanation
the presence or absence of a second erythrocyte antigen identified as Rh. Those who have the Rh D antigen present on their erythrocytes are described as Rh positive (Rh+) and those who lack it are Rh negative (Rh−). Note that the Rh group is distinct from the ABO group, so any individual, no matter their ABO blood type, may have or lack this Rh antigen.
Sickle Cell Disease
inherited disease in which the red blood cells have an abnormal crescent shape, block small blood vessels, and do not last as long as normal red blood cells; also called sickle cell anemia
Cardiac Tamponade
potentially fatal condition in which excess fluid builds within the pericardial space, preventing the heart from beating effectively
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
Disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are at an increased risk for developing certain cancers and for infections that usually occur only in individuals with a weak immune system
Aneurysm
weakening of the wall of a blood vessel, causing it to thin and balloon out, and possibly eventually burst, resulting in internal bleeding
Lupus
chronic, inflammatory, connective tissue disease that can affect the joints and many organs
Chemotaxis
movement in response to chemicals; a phenomenon in which injured or infected cells and nearby leukocytes emit the equivalent of a chemical “911” call, attracting more leukocytes to the site
Crohn’s Disease
condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is inflamed over a long period of time
Embolus
obstruction such as a blood clot or plaque that blocks the flow of blood in an artery or vein
Cardiac Output
the measurement of blood flow from the heart through the ventricles and is usually measured in liters per minute; any factor that causes cardiac output to increase, by elevating heart rate or stroke volume or both, will elevate blood pressure and promote blood flow
Medulla Oblongata
part of the brain stem responsible for control of heart rate and breathing
Diapedesis
migration of blood cells through the intact walls of blood vessels into the surrounding tissue
Thalassemia
Inherited condition typically occurring in individuals from the Middle East, the Mediterranean, African, and Southeast Asia, in which maturation of the RBCs does not proceed normally. The most severe form is called Cooley’s anemia.
Arteriosclerosis
normally defined as the more generalized loss of compliance, or “hardening of the arteries
Leads to hypertension and coronary heart disease
Atherosclerosis
a type of arteriosclerosis in which plaques form when circulating triglycerides, cholesterol and other substances seep between the damaged endothelial lining cells and become trapped within the artery wall, resulting in narrowed arteries and impaired blood flow
Peripheral Arterial/Vascular Disease (PAD/PVD)
occurs when atherosclerosis affects arteries in the legs. A major risk factor for both arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis is advanced age, as the conditions tend to progress over time. There is also a distinct genetic component, and pre-existing hypertension and/or diabetes also greatly increase the risk. However, obesity, poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, and tobacco use all are major risk factors.
Peripheral Arterial/Vascular Disease (PAD/PVD)
occurs when atherosclerosis affects arteries in the legs. A major risk factor for both arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis is advanced age, as the conditions tend to progress over time. There is also a distinct genetic component, and pre-existing hypertension and/or diabetes also greatly increase the risk. However, obesity, poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, and tobacco use all are major risk factors.
Possible causes of abnormal edema
Edema has many potential causes, including hypertension and heart failure, severe protein deficiency, renal failure, and many others. In order to treat edema, which is a sign rather than a discrete disorder, the underlying cause must be diagnosed and alleviated.
Hypovolemic Shock
Loss of blood from hemorrhaging or fluid loss in children from severe vomit and diarrhea
Cardiogenic Shock
the inability of the heart to maintain cardiac output. Most often, it results from a myocardial infarction (heart attack), but it may also be caused by arrhythmias, valve disorders, cardiomyopathies, cardiac failure, or simply insufficient flow of blood through the cardiac vessels.
Vascular Shock
arterioles lose their normal muscular tone and dilate dramatically. It may arise from a variety of causes, and treatments almost always involve fluid replacement and medications, called inotropic or pressor agents, which restore tone to the muscles of the vessels.
Anaphylactic Shock
Severe allergic response that causes the widespread release of histamines, triggering vasodilation throughout the body.
Obstructive Shock
occurs when a significant portion of the vascular system is blocked. It is not always recognized as a distinct condition and may be grouped with cardiogenic shock, including pulmonary embolism and cardiac tamponade.
Anemia
When the number of RBCs or hemoglobin is deficient
Blood Loss Anemia (causes)
Bleeding from wounds or other lesions, including ulcers, hemorrhoids, inflammation of the stomach (gastritis), and some cancers of the gastrointestinal tract
The excessive use of aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen can trigger ulceration and gastritis
Excessive menstruation and loss of blood during childbirth.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Iron insufficiency leads to insufficient heme production
Vitamin Deficiency Anemia
Usually B12 or folate
Megaloblastic Anemia
B12 or folate deficiency from bad diet
Pernicious Anemia
Poor absorption of B12, seen in Crohn’s, AIDS, parasites, and intestines/stomach removal
Aplastic Anemia
the condition in which myeloid stem cells are defective or replaced by cancer cells, resulting in insufficient quantities of RBCs being produced. This condition may be inherited, or it may be triggered by radiation, medication, chemotherapy, or infection.
Polycythemia vera
dangerously elevate the viscosity of blood, raising blood pressure and making it more difficult for the heart to pump blood throughout the body. It is a relatively rare disease that occurs more often in men than women, and is more likely to be present in patients over 60 years of age.
Thrombophilia
hypercoagulation, This may be an inherited disorder or may be caused by other conditions including lupus, immune reactions to heparin, polycythemia vera, thrombocytosis, sickle cell disease, pregnancy, and even obesity.
Embolus
An embolus that is carried through the bloodstream can be large enough to block a vessel critical to a major organ.
Embolism
When it becomes trapped, an embolus is called an embolism. In the heart, brain, or lungs, an embolism may accordingly cause a heart attack, a stroke, or a pulmonary embolism.
Hemophilia
a group of related genetic disorders in which certain plasma clotting factors are lacking or inadequate or nonfunctional. Patients with hemophilia bleed from even minor internal and external wounds, and leak blood into joint spaces after exercise and into urine and stool. Regular infusions of clotting factors isolated from healthy donors can help prevent bleeding in hemophilia patients. At some point, genetic therapy will become a viable option.
Leukocytosis
excessive leukocyte proliferation. Although leukocyte counts are high, the cells themselves are often nonfunctional, leaving the individual at increased risk for disease.
Leukemia
cancer involving an abundance of leukocytes. It may involve only one specific type of leukocyte from either the myeloid line (myelocytic leukemia) or the lymphoid line (lymphocytic leukemia).
Lymphoma
a form of cancer in which masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues.
aPTT
Activated partial thromboplastin time
CPK
Creatine phosphokinase
Hct
Hematocrit
Hgb
Hemoglobin
PT
Prothrombin time
Angiography
X-ray blood vessels
Angioplasty
blockage/occlusion is mechanically widened with a balloon
Arteriogram
X-ray of arteries
Compliance
ability of blood vessels to dilate and constrict as needed
Endarterectomy
excision of plaque from within the artery
Hematocrit
Lab test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in blood.
Hypoxemia vs hypoxia
Hypoxemia = below 95% saturation
Hypoxia = lack of oxygen to tissues
Plasmapheresis
A procedure in which a machine is used to separate the plasma from the blood cells
Sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure cuff and gauge
Thrombocytosis
too many platelets
