ENT Flashcards
Anosmia
Blunt force trauma to the face. Frontal lobe moves from the ethmoid bone and tears the olfactory tract axons
Can also be cause by antibiotics, respiratory infections, or allergens.
Presents as loss of sense of smell, lack of taste, and mild depression.
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the middle ear canal. Usually caused by bacterial and viral infections.
Presents as fever, cough, and cold like symptoms, hearing loss, irritability, and otalgia.
Antibiotics.
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the external ear canal. Swimmer’s ear due to external water exposure.
Same symptoms as otitis media.
Conductive Hearing Loss
External or middle ear canal damage.
Medications or surgery.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Damage to neural structures, permanent hearing loss.
Tinnitus
Ringing, roaring, or buzzing noise in the ear. Earwax blocking the ear canal, hearing loss, hormonal changes in women, or a brain tumor.
Otosclerosis
Hardening of the ear due to new bone formation of inner ear ossicles. Caused by prior measles infection, stress fractures to the tissue surrounding the inner ear, or immune disorders.
Surgical.
Rhinitis
inflammation of the nasal cavity mucosal lining which can lead to congestion and rhinorrhea. Potential causes include allergy, bacterial or viral infection, and exposure to chemicals. Treatment regimens include symptom management, saline sprays, and oral antihistamine
Dacryostenosis
also known as nasolacrimal obstruction, is an obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. It prevents tears from draining from the eyes into the ducts and, thus, individuals have excessive tearing. Its etiology is congenital and the result of the duct not forming properly. This condition is managed via observation, as it resolves over time (usually within 1 year)
Blindness
a broad spectrum of visual disability, from limited visibility to total blindness. The parameters for legal blindness are visual field is 20 degrees or narrower and/or visual acuity is 20/200 or less in both eyes even after correction (Lee & Mesfin, 2021). Many of the conditions described below lead to visual disability, low vision, and legal blindness.
Cataract
a clouding of the normally clear lens of your eye. For people who have cataracts, it is like seeing through cloudy lenses or windows. Age-related cataracts are the most common type, although cataracts can develop as a result of a congenital condition or due to trauma. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the clouding of the lens
Conjunctivitis
a condition involving inflammation of the conjunctiva. Common causes include allergens and bacterial and viral pathogens. The cause of conjunctivitis determines if it is transmissible from one individual to another; conjunctivitis caused by the adenovirus, for example, is highly contagious, whereas conjunctivitis caused by pollen is not. Management involves treating the underlying cause of conjunctivitis
Diabetic Retinopathy
a disease of the retina caused by diabetes mellitus. The retinal veins dilate, leading to swelling as fluid leaks from blood vessels into the retina. It is estimated that 77% of patients with type 1 diabetes and 25% of patients with type 2 diabetes have diabetic retinopathy. Management involves controlling the patient’s diabetes
Glaucoma
a condition in which increased pressure in the eye leads to progressive vision loss. It is the second most common cause of permanent blindness in the United States. The most common form of glaucoma is primary open-angle glaucoma. This form is associated with elevated pressure caused by a backup of fluid in the eye. Management depends on the type of glaucoma and the severity of the case. Glaucoma-related vision loss cannot be reversed
Macular Degeneration or Age Related (AMD)
the progressive damage of a portion of the retina known as the macula. Severe central vision is lost with peripheral vision retained. Macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 60 years
