Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards
lymph vs lymphadeno
lymph = lymph/lymph tissue
lymphadeno = lymph gland/lymph node
myelo
bone marrow/spinal cord
thym
thymus gland
-oid
resembling
-rraphy
suturing
Anaphylaxis Shock
severe and sometimes life-threatening immune system reaction to an antigen that a person has been previously exposed to; may include itchy skin, edema, collapsed blood vessels, fainting, difficulty in breathing, and death
Monocyte and what does it produce
Type of immune cell made in bone marrow that creates macrophages
Staphylococcus
a bacteria that is commonly found in minor skin infections, as well as in the nose of some healthy people
Thymocytes
type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system and develops from stem cells in the bone marrow; also called T cells and T lymphocytes
Explain what fluid accumulates in the interstitial space and what is the interstitial space
Blood pressure causes leakage of fluid from the blood capillaries, resulting in the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.
interstitial space is basically the area between capillaries, tissue, and lymph that carries fluid
Lymphedema
If the lymphatic system is damaged in some way, such as by being blocked by cancer cells or destroyed by injury, interstitial fluid accumulates in the tissue spaces, causing a condition called lymphedema.
Where are there NO lymph vessels?
CNS, bone marrow, bones, teeth, and cornea
Superficial lymphatics vs deep lymphatics
Superficial follows veins, deep follows arteries
They merge together to create lymphatic trunks
What are the primary lymphoid ORGANS?
Bone marrow and thymus gland
Which cell matures in the bone marrows?
The B cell undergoes nearly all of its development in the red bone marrow
Which cell matures in the thymus gland?
The thymus gland, where T cells mature, is a bilobed organ found in the space between the sternum and the aorta of the heart (see Figure 11.4). Connective tissue holds the lobes closely together but also separates them and forms a capsule
Immunosenescence
Loss of immune function with age - a common one with age is thymic involution
What happens in secondary lymphoid organs and what are they?
Where immune responses are primed
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid nodules
Naive lymphocyte
Basically a lymphocyte that has gone through the full progression from primary to secondary organ and performing its functions
What do lymph nodes do?
remove debris and pathogens from the lymph and are thus sometimes referred to as the “filters of the lymph” (see Figure 11.6). Any bacteria that infect the interstitial fluid are taken up by the lymphatic capillaries and transported to a regional lymph node. Dendritic cells and macrophages within this organ internalize and kill many of the pathogens that pass through, thereby removing them from the body. The lymph node is also the site of adaptive immune responses mediated by T cells, B cells, and accessory cells of the adaptive immune system.
Spleen
the “filter of the blood” because of its extensive vascularization and the presence of macrophages and dendritic cells that remove microbes and other materials from the blood, including dying red blood cells. The spleen also functions as the location of immune responses to blood-borne pathogens.
Lymphoid Nodules
consist of a dense cluster of lymphocytes without a surrounding fibrous capsule. These nodules are located in the respiratory and digestive tracts, areas routinely exposed to environmental pathogens.
Tonsils
A major function of tonsils is to help children’s bodies recognize, destroy, and develop immunity to common environmental pathogens so that they will be protected in their later lives. Tonsils are often removed in children who have recurring throat infections since swollen palatine tonsils can interfere with breathing and/or swallowing.
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
lymphoid follicular structures with an overlying epithelial layer found along the bifurcations of the bronchi, and between bronchi and arteries. These tissues, in addition to the tonsils, are effective against inhaled pathogens.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
aggregate of lymphoid follicles directly associated with mucous membrane. MALT makes up dome-shaped structures found underlying the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, breast tissue, lungs, and eyes. Peyer’s patches, a type of MALT in the small intestine, are especially important for immune responses against ingested substances (see Figure 11.9). Peyer’s patches contain specialized cells that sample material from the intestinal lumen and transport it to nearby follicles so that adaptive immune responses to potential pathogens can be mounted.
There are 3 phases do the body defending itself, what are they?
- Barrier defense
- innate immune response
- adaptive immune response
Phase 1: Barrier Defense
Preventing not response. AKA proactive, not reactive.
Skin, oral cavity, stomach mucosal,etc
PHYSICAL DEFENSE
Phase 2: Innate Immune Response
Within the first few days of an infection, a series of antibacterial proteins are induced, each with activities against certain bacteria. Additionally, interferons are induced that protect cells from viruses in their vicinity. Finally, the innate immune response does not stop when the adaptive immune response is developed. In fact, both can cooperate and one can influence the other in their responses against pathogens.
Phagocytosis, macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes, natural killer cells (creates apoptosis), and soluble mediators, cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and the inflammatory response
PHYSIOLOGICAL DEFENSE
Neutrophil
phagocytic cell that is attracted via chemotaxis from the bloodstream to infected tissues. contains cytoplasmic granules, which in turn contain a variety of vasoactive mediators such as histamine
Macrophage
Macrophages exist in many tissues of the body, either freely roaming through connective tissues or fixed to reticular fibers within specific tissues such as lymph nodes. When pathogens breach the body’s barrier defenses, macrophages are the first line of defense.
Monocyte
circulating precursor cell that differentiates into either a macrophage or dendritic cell, which can be rapidly attracted to areas of infection by signal molecules of inflammation.
Natural Killer Cells (NK)
type of lymphocyte that have the ability to induce apoptosis in cells infected with pathogens such as intracellular bacteria and viruses. If apoptosis is induced before the virus has the ability to synthesize and assemble all its components, no infectious virus will be released from the cell, thus preventing further infection.
Cytokine
signaling molecule that allows cells to communicate with each other over short distances. Cytokines are secreted into the intercellular space, and the action of the cytokine induces the receiving cell to change its physiology.
Chemokine
soluble chemical mediator similar to cytokines except that its function is to attract cells (chemotaxis) from longer distances.
Interferons
Cells infected with viruses secrete interferons that travel to adjacent cells and induce them to make antiviral proteins. Thus, even though the initial cell is sacrificed, the surrounding cells are protected.
Basically PRN proteins
Inflammatory Response
Sx: heat, redness, pain, swelling
- Mast cells: (histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins) are released to initiate inflammatory
- Histamines increase blood flow to area via vasodilation (heat and redness)
- Leukotrienes attack neutrophils from the blood by chemotaxis
- Prostaglandins cause vasodilation by relaxing smooth muscle (NSAIDs inhibit the production of prostaglandin production)
Phase 3: Adaptive Immune Response
Specifically recognizes and responses most pathogens.
Primary adaptive response vs secondary adaptive response
Primary = first exposure to pathogen, symptoms are more intense
Secondary = strong and faster than primary, often quicker and less symptomatic
What is passive immunity?
Transfer of antibodies from an immune person to a non immune person. Aka mother to fetus
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
bone marrow cells being transplanted contain lymphocytes capable of mounting an immune response, and because the recipient’s immune response has been destroyed before receiving the transplant, the donor cells may attack the recipient tissues, causing graft-versus-host disease. Signs and symptoms of this disease, which usually include a rash and damage to the liver and mucosa, are variable.
Efferent
Lead out of a lymph node
Erythroblastosis fetalis
an immune reaction between maternal and fetal blood due to the Rh antigen; also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
When the donor tissue attacks the recipient tissue
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infectious disease transmitted through semen, vaginal fluids, and blood that suppresses the immune system. HIV infection may be managed with antiviral drugs or may progress to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Induration
A firm, raised reddened patch of skin
opsonization
process by which an antibody or an antimicrobial protein binds to a pathogen, thereby marking it as a target for phagocytes
Seroconversion
the reciprocal relationship between virus levels in the blood and antibody levels
severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
rare, inherited disease that is marked by a lack of B and T lymphocytes.
requires bone marrow transplant or gene therapy
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic, inflammatory, connective tissue disease that can affect the joints and many organs; also called lupus.
SCID
(severe combined immunodeficiency)
SPECT
(single-photon emission computed tomography)
Primary Lymphedema
Lymphatic fluid build up in the body’s soft tissue. Congenital or abnormalities in the lymph system
Secondary Lymphedema
Lymphatic fluid build up in the body’s soft tissue. Injury, cancer, or cancer treatment.
Secondary Lymphedema
Lymphatic fluid build up in the body’s soft tissue. Injury, cancer, or cancer treatment.
Afferent
Vessels that lead into a lymph node
