Skelatal System

Question 0

Short bones?

Answer 0

Cube shaped

Ex wrist/ ankle, carpal/ tarsal

Question 1

Long bones?

Answer 1

Longer than wide

Ex. femur, humerus, fibula, tibia, radius, ulna (arm & leg)

Question 2

Flat bones?

Answer 2

Thin surface from muscle attachment

Ex cranial bones, sternum, ribs

Question 3

Irregular bones?

Answer 3

Complex shapes

Ex facial bones, vertebrae

Question 4

Osteoblasts?

Answer 4

Bone building cells, become osteocytes as build matrix around themselves.

Question 5

Osteocytes?

Answer 5

Mature bone cell, no cell division, maintain bone.

Question 6

Osteoclasts?

Answer 6

Cells to reabsorb bone, in endosteum, lysosomal enzymes.

Question 7

Haversian system?

Answer 7

= osteons: units of bone tissue, has Haversian (Central) Canal that runs longitudinally down center.

Question 8

Volkmann’s Canals?

Answer 8

= transverse canals: has artery, vein, nerve, & lymph to connect to medullary cavity, periosteum, & Haversian canals.

Question 9

Concentric lamellae?

Answer 9

Hard rings of calcified bone around canals.

Question 10

Lacunae?

Answer 10

Spaces between lamellae, contains osteocytes.

Question 11

Canaliculi?

Answer 11

Channels radiating out from lacunae, have extracellular fluid & connect with each other, contain processes of osteocytes.

Question 12

Trabeculae?

Answer 12

Lattice of thin columns of bone, red marrow in spaces & osteocytes.

Question 13

PTH? (Parathyroid Hormone)

Answer 13

(Breaks bones down)

• negative feedback
• stimulates osteoclasts for bone reabsorption to release Ca++ into blood
• promotes absorption of Ca++ in gut & decreased loss from kidneys

Question 14

Calcitonin?

Answer 14

Made by thyroid, keeps Ca++ in bone, inhibits osteoclasts.

Question 15

Thyroid hormone?

Answer 15

Promotes normal bone growth.

Question 16

Insulin?

Answer 16

Secretes by pancreas, promotes normal bone growth.

Question 17

HGH? (human growth hormone)

Answer 17

From pituitary, promotes growth of all tissues, including bone.

Question 18

IGF’s? (insulin-like growth factors)

Answer 18

From liver, stim, by hGH, promotes tissue repair & bone growth.

Question 19

Minerals?

Answer 19

• Ca & P to calcify matrix

- Mg -support osteoblasts

Question 20

Vitamins?

Answer 20

• Vit. A- osteoblasts
• too much slow growth/ repair
• Vit. C- collagen matrix
• Vit. D for Ca absorption, too much -bone loss

Question 21

Sutures?

Answer 21

Joints between skull.

Question 22

Fontanelles?

Answer 22

Soft spot on infants head (anterior, posterior, 2 sphenoid, 2 mastoid) 12-18mo

Question 23

Kyphosis?

Answer 23

Anterior concave, posterior convex, normal in thoracic spine.

Question 24

Lordosis?

Answer 24

Anterior convex, posterior concave, normal in cervical & lumbar spine.

Question 25

Fibrous?

Answer 25

Fibrous connective tissue, no synovial cavity, high in collagen.

Question 26

Cartilaginous?

Answer 26

Held together by cartilage, no synovial cavity.

Question 27

Synovial?

Answer 27

Have synovial cavity, articular capsule, often had ligaments.

Question 28

Synarthrosis?

Answer 28

Immovable.

Question 29

Amphiarthrosis?

Answer 29

Slightly movable.

Question 30

Diarthrosis?

Answer 30

Freely moveable.

Question 31

Suture?

Answer 31

Fibrous, synarthrosis, skull.

Question 32

Syndesmosis?

Answer 32

Tibial/ fibular joint, amphiarthrosis.

Question 33

Protraction/ retraction?

Answer 33

Pull forward & back,

Ex shoulder, jaw

Question 34

Inversion/ eversion?

Answer 34

At the foot, inversion is soles face in, eversion is soles face out.

Question 35

Dorsi/ plantar flexion?

Answer 35

At the ankle, point toes is plantar flex, pull toes towards head is dorsiflex.

Question 36

Probation/ supination?

Answer 36

At the arm, pronate is palm down, supinate is palm up.