Respiratory & Urinary Systems Flashcards
Lower Respiratory System?
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.
Upper Respiratory System?
Nose, pharynx.
Conduction Portion?
Tubes (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi).
Respiratory Portion?
Lung tissue with gas exchange.
Nasopharynx?
Upper pharynx, pharyngeal tonsils, Eustachian tubes.
Oropharynx?
Middle pharynx, palatine & lingual tonsils.
Laryngopharynx?
Lower pharynx, connects to esophagus & trachea.
True Vocal Cords?
Elastic ligament, vibrate sound waves, increase in pressure, increase in volume of sound.
Pitch?
Tension in cords, more taut gives higher pitch, thicker &I longer in males.
Trachea?
Air pipe, cartilage rings, cilia.
Parietal Pleural?
Lines cavity lungs are in.
Visceral Pleura?
Cover the lungs themselves.
Pleural Cavity?
Space between parietal and visceral pleura.
The Lungs - Base?
Bottom of lungs.
The Lungs - Apex?
Tops of lungs.
The Lungs - Hilus?
Where bronchi enter the lungs.
The Lungs - Fissures?
Separate the lobes of lungs.
The Lungs - Lobes?
Different regions of lung, 3 on right, 2 on left side.
Surfactant?
Lubricant, prevents lungs from adhering to themselves, develops at 36 weeks in fetus.
Respiratory Membrane?
Walk of alveoli is simple squamous, one side is capillary and the other side is alveoli for easy gas exchange.
Inspiration?
Inhale, breath in.
Expiration?
Exhale, breath out.
Quiet Inspiration Muscles?
Diaphragm, external intercostals.
Quiet Expiration Muscles?
Passive - by elastic recoil.
Forced Expiration Muscle?
Internal intercostals, external obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominus, rectus abdominus.
Tidal Volume?
Volume of 1 breath, 600mL.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume?
Additional air inhale after normal inhalation.
Expiratory Reserve Volume?
Forced exhale volume.
Residual Volume?
Volume left over after forced expiration.
Total Lung Capacity?
Total volume lungs can hold, about 6L.
Partial Pressure?
P (total) = P1 + P2 + P3
Boyles Law?
P = 1 / Volume
Oxygen Transport?
Hb + oxygen Hb - oxygen, Hemoglobin binds & releases oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide?
Increases in this gas cause oxygen to be release from Hb more readily.
Acidity?
Decrease in pH cause oxygen to be release more readily.
Temperature?
Increase in temperature causes oxygen to be released more readily.
Carbon Monoxide?
Binds to hemoglobin 200X more strongly than oxygen.
Carbon Dioxide Transport?
Hb + carbon dioxide Hb carbon dioxide
Dissolve Carbon Dioxide?
Dissolved carbon dioxide travels in plasma to lungs & is exhaled.
Amino Acids?
Carbon dioxide can travel on amino acids other than Hb.
Bicarbonate?
Carbon dioxide can travel as bicarbonate ion to the lungs.
Pain?
Visceral pain decreases rate, sudden/ severe pain leads to brief apnea, prolonged somatic pain increase rate.
Inflation Reflex?
Stretch receptors are overstretched inhibit inflammation.
Renal Capsule?
Covers the outside of the kidney.
Renal Cortex?
Outer portion of the kidney.
Renal Medulla?
Inner portion of the kidney.
Renal Pyramids?
Pyramid shaped structure in kidney.
Renal Columns?
Space between the renal pyramids.
Renal Pelvis?
Center area of the kidney where nephrons drain.
Major Chalices?
Drain the minor calyces.
Glomerulus?
Filters the blood going into the nephron, initial filtering makes glomerular filtrate.
Peritubular Capillaries?
Surround the loop of Henle in the nephron for tubular reabsorption.
Nephrons?
Main functional unit of the kidney.
Renal Corpuscles?
The glomerulus & capsule around it.
Renal Tubule?
Carries the glomerular filtrate after it leaves the glomerulus, tube changed name along the way.
Glomerular Filtrate?
The filtered plasma after it has passed through the glomerulus.
Bowman’s Capsule?
Structure around the glomerulus.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule?
The closest region to the glomerulus where the renal tubule begins to take a curvy route.
Loop of Henle?
Portion of the renal tubule that extends down into the renal pyramid, is surrounded by the peri tubular capillaries.
Distal Convoluted Tubule?
The portion of renal tubule furthest from the glomerulus, takes a curvy route.
Collecting Duct?
Drains the filtering fluid from the distal convoluted tubule, which is now urine, and carries it down to the calyces the renal pelvis.
Glomerular Filtration?
Initial filtration, removes cells & larger molecules from plasma.
Urine?
Fluid formed after passing though the nephron, pale straw colored, translucent.
Urether?
Drains kidneys into the urinary bladder.
Micturition?
Process of urination.
External Urethral Orifice/ Sphincter?
Open from urethra to external body, sphincter (muscle) under voluntary control.
Internal Urethral Orifice/ Sphincter?
Opening from the urethra to the urinary bladder, sphincter (muscle) under autonomic control.
Forced Inspiration Muscles?
SCM (sternocleidomastoid), scalenes, pectoralis minor.
