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Human Biology 175 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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0
Q

Thoracic Duct?

A

Drains the left arm, legs, and most of the torso, drainage is asymmetrical.

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1
Q

Lymph Nodes?

A

Filtering stations for the lymphatic fluid.

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2
Q

R Lymphatic Duct?

A

Drains the head and right arm.

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3
Q

Skeletal Muscle Pump?

A

Muscle contraction pushes fluid through vessels similar to the mechanism in veins.

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4
Q

Respiratory Pump?

A

Respiratory pressure pushes fluid through vessels similar to the mechanism in veins.

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5
Q

Primary - Red Marrow/ Thymus?

A

Produce lymphocytes.

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6
Q

Secondary Lymph Nodes/ Spleen/ Lymphatic Nodules?

A

Provide locations for lymphocytes to function.

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7
Q

Thymus?

A

Produces T cells (thymocytes), degrades by adolescence.

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8
Q

Lymphatic Nodules?

A

Tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils/ adenoid, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils.

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9
Q

Tonsils?

A

3 sets in mouth/ throat area.

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10
Q

Pharyngeal Tonsil/ Adenoid?

A

In back of throat.

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11
Q

Palatine Tonsils?

A

On roof of mouth.

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12
Q

Lingual Tonsils?

A

Below tongue.

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13
Q

Innate Defenses?

A

Immune responses you are born with.

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14
Q

Acquired Defenses?

A

Immune response you acquire with exposure.

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15
Q

Specific Immunity?

A

Immune response to a specific organism.

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16
Q

General Immunity?

A

Immune responses that are not specific, to anything the body sees as foreign.

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17
Q

First Line Defenses?

A 
Physical & Chemical
Epidermis 
Mucus Membrane 
Cilia
Lacrimal Apparatus 
Gastric Juices
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18
Q

Second Line Defenses?

A

Inflammation
Fever
IFN (Interferon)
Complement

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19
Q

IFN (Interferon)?

A

Chemical release to enhance immune response to intercellular invaders, chemical also makes you “feel sick”.

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20
Q

Complement?

A

Chemical released to enhance immune response to extracellular invaders.

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21
Q

CMI?

A

Viral inside cell. Cannot remove it from cell, so much kill entire cell.

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22
Q

Ab- Mediated?

A

Outside cell. Usually bacteria, parasitic or fungal.

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23
Q

Self Tolerance?

A

Recognition of self proteins to avoid killing self cells.

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24
Q

APC (Antigen Presenting Cell)?

A

Processes intracellular invader & “presents” part of protein to other immune cells.

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25
Q

Costimulator?

A

Second signal to confirm attack on an invader in the immune response.

26
Q

Th?

A

Releases IL-2 to attract phagocytes, costimulates B cells for Ab production & more plasma cells.

27
Q

Tc?

A

Releases enzyme to lyse cells, gamma interferon released to activate macrophages.

28
Q

Plasma Cell?

A

B cells that are produced to secrete a particular Ab in response to infection.

29
Q

Memory B Cell?

A

After an infection, most of the plasma cells are recycled, but some remain with memory to respond to any future attack of the same antigen.

30
Q

IgG?

A

Crosses placenta.

31
Q

IgA?

A

Breast milk.

32
Q

IgM?

A

1st Ab secreted.

33
Q

IgD?

A

B cell activation.

34
Q

IgE?

A

Allergy, hypersensitivity, parasitic worms.

35
Q

Exocrine Glands?

A

Secrete products into ducts.

36
Q

Endocrine Glands?

A

Secrete hormones into interstitial fluid, no ducts, into fluid surrounding tissue.

37
Q

hGH (Human Growth Hormone)?

A

Promotes synthesis & secretion of IGFs (insulin- like growth factors) from liver.

  • growth of skeletal muscle, cartilage, & bone
  • stimulated by GhRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) from hypothalamus when blood sugar is low
  • inhibited by GhIH (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) when blood glucose is high
38
Q

IGFs (Insulin like Growth Factors)?

A

Act similar to insulin.

  • stimulate protein synthesis
  • maintain bone & muscle mass
  • breakdown fat & glycogen
39
Q

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)?

A

+ production of T3 & T4 from thyroid

+ TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) from hypothalamus via negative feedback loop with T3/T4.

40
Q

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)?

A

+ development of ovarian follicle (egg) in ovaries & estrogen
+ sperm production in testes
+ by GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone), by negative feedback

41
Q

LH (Lutenizing Hormone)?

A
  • increases estrogen & ovulation, forms corpus luteum which secretes progesterone
  • increase testosterone production in testes
  • regulated by GnRH
42
Q

Prolactin?

A

Imitates milk production.

43
Q

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin Hormone)?

A

-production/ secretions of glucocorticoids (cortisol) affect glucose metabolism
+ CRH due to stress stimuli such as decreased blood glu/ physical trauma/ IL-1 from macrophages
-regulated by negative feedback

44
Q

MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)?

A

-increased skin pigmentation (melanin)
-very little in humans, increased in amphibians, role in brain not understood, excessive CRH can darken human skin
+ by CRH, - by dopamine

45
Q

Oxytocin (OT)?

A

Milk ejection, smooth muscle contraction in uterus, emotional bonding.

46
Q

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone, Vasopressin)?

A

Increase water retention in kidney, decreased water loss through sweat, increased vasoconstriction.

47
Q

Thyroxine (T4)?

A

Storage form, tetraiodothyroxine.

48
Q

Triiodothyroxine (T3)?

A

Active form of hormone.

49
Q

Calcitriol?

A

Stimulated by PTH, increases Ca++ & Mg++ absorption by GI tract.

50
Q

Islets of Langerhans?

A

Endocrine Portion.

51
Q

Alpha Cells?

A

Secrete glucagon.

52
Q

Glucagon?

A

Increases blood glucose levels.

53
Q

Beta Cells?

A

Produce insulin.

54
Q

Insulin?

A

Decreases blood glucose levels.

55
Q

Cortisol?

A
  • Protein breakdown, eps. muscle
  • Gluconeogenesis=new glucose formation
  • Lypolysis=breakdown of fat/triglyceride
  • Resistance to stress by supplying glucose from liver
  • Decrease immune response
  • Decreased inflammation, slows sound healing and tissue repair
56
Q

Androgens?

A

Masculinizing hormone.

57
Q

Stressor?

A

Any change in environment, pleasant or unpleasant, physical or emotional.

58
Q

Fight or Flight?

A

Sympathetic nerve initiated, short lived.

59
Q

Lower Resistance?

A

Hypothalamus initiated, long lasting.

60
Q

CRH?

A

Anterior pituitary ACTH cortisol, more glucose is available to body from storage of fat & lean tissue.

61
Q

GHRH?

A

Anterior pituitary hGH liver IGFs, more glucose available.

62
Q

TRH?

A

Anterior pituitary TSH T4, T3 increase use of glucose for metabolism & energy.

63
Q

Exhaustion Phase?

A

Body is depleted & cannot sustain resources.

Human Biology 175 (10 decks)

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