Endocrine System Flashcards
Thoracic Duct?
Drains the left arm, legs, and most of the torso, drainage is asymmetrical.
Lymph Nodes?
Filtering stations for the lymphatic fluid.
R Lymphatic Duct?
Drains the head and right arm.
Skeletal Muscle Pump?
Muscle contraction pushes fluid through vessels similar to the mechanism in veins.
Respiratory Pump?
Respiratory pressure pushes fluid through vessels similar to the mechanism in veins.
Primary - Red Marrow/ Thymus?
Produce lymphocytes.
Secondary Lymph Nodes/ Spleen/ Lymphatic Nodules?
Provide locations for lymphocytes to function.
Thymus?
Produces T cells (thymocytes), degrades by adolescence.
Lymphatic Nodules?
Tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils/ adenoid, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils.
Tonsils?
3 sets in mouth/ throat area.
Pharyngeal Tonsil/ Adenoid?
In back of throat.
Palatine Tonsils?
On roof of mouth.
Lingual Tonsils?
Below tongue.
Innate Defenses?
Immune responses you are born with.
Acquired Defenses?
Immune response you acquire with exposure.
Specific Immunity?
Immune response to a specific organism.
General Immunity?
Immune responses that are not specific, to anything the body sees as foreign.
First Line Defenses?
Physical & Chemical Epidermis Mucus Membrane Cilia Lacrimal Apparatus Gastric Juices
Second Line Defenses?
Inflammation
Fever
IFN (Interferon)
Complement
IFN (Interferon)?
Chemical release to enhance immune response to intercellular invaders, chemical also makes you “feel sick”.
Complement?
Chemical released to enhance immune response to extracellular invaders.
CMI?
Viral inside cell. Cannot remove it from cell, so much kill entire cell.
Ab- Mediated?
Outside cell. Usually bacteria, parasitic or fungal.
Self Tolerance?
Recognition of self proteins to avoid killing self cells.
APC (Antigen Presenting Cell)?
Processes intracellular invader & “presents” part of protein to other immune cells.
Costimulator?
Second signal to confirm attack on an invader in the immune response.
Th?
Releases IL-2 to attract phagocytes, costimulates B cells for Ab production & more plasma cells.
Tc?
Releases enzyme to lyse cells, gamma interferon released to activate macrophages.
Plasma Cell?
B cells that are produced to secrete a particular Ab in response to infection.
Memory B Cell?
After an infection, most of the plasma cells are recycled, but some remain with memory to respond to any future attack of the same antigen.
IgG?
Crosses placenta.
IgA?
Breast milk.
IgM?
1st Ab secreted.
IgD?
B cell activation.
IgE?
Allergy, hypersensitivity, parasitic worms.
Exocrine Glands?
Secrete products into ducts.
Endocrine Glands?
Secrete hormones into interstitial fluid, no ducts, into fluid surrounding tissue.
hGH (Human Growth Hormone)?
Promotes synthesis & secretion of IGFs (insulin- like growth factors) from liver.
- growth of skeletal muscle, cartilage, & bone
- stimulated by GhRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) from hypothalamus when blood sugar is low
- inhibited by GhIH (growth hormone inhibiting hormone) when blood glucose is high
IGFs (Insulin like Growth Factors)?
Act similar to insulin.
- stimulate protein synthesis
- maintain bone & muscle mass
- breakdown fat & glycogen
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)?
+ production of T3 & T4 from thyroid
+ TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) from hypothalamus via negative feedback loop with T3/T4.
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)?
+ development of ovarian follicle (egg) in ovaries & estrogen
+ sperm production in testes
+ by GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone), by negative feedback
LH (Lutenizing Hormone)?
- increases estrogen & ovulation, forms corpus luteum which secretes progesterone
- increase testosterone production in testes
- regulated by GnRH
Prolactin?
Imitates milk production.
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropin Hormone)?
-production/ secretions of glucocorticoids (cortisol) affect glucose metabolism
+ CRH due to stress stimuli such as decreased blood glu/ physical trauma/ IL-1 from macrophages
-regulated by negative feedback
MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone)?
-increased skin pigmentation (melanin)
-very little in humans, increased in amphibians, role in brain not understood, excessive CRH can darken human skin
+ by CRH, - by dopamine
Oxytocin (OT)?
Milk ejection, smooth muscle contraction in uterus, emotional bonding.
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone, Vasopressin)?
Increase water retention in kidney, decreased water loss through sweat, increased vasoconstriction.
Thyroxine (T4)?
Storage form, tetraiodothyroxine.
Triiodothyroxine (T3)?
Active form of hormone.
Calcitriol?
Stimulated by PTH, increases Ca++ & Mg++ absorption by GI tract.
Islets of Langerhans?
Endocrine Portion.
Alpha Cells?
Secrete glucagon.
Glucagon?
Increases blood glucose levels.
Beta Cells?
Produce insulin.
Insulin?
Decreases blood glucose levels.
Cortisol?
- Protein breakdown, eps. muscle
- Gluconeogenesis=new glucose formation
- Lypolysis=breakdown of fat/triglyceride
- Resistance to stress by supplying glucose from liver
- Decrease immune response
- Decreased inflammation, slows sound healing and tissue repair
Androgens?
Masculinizing hormone.
Stressor?
Any change in environment, pleasant or unpleasant, physical or emotional.
Fight or Flight?
Sympathetic nerve initiated, short lived.
Lower Resistance?
Hypothalamus initiated, long lasting.
CRH?
Anterior pituitary ACTH cortisol, more glucose is available to body from storage of fat & lean tissue.
GHRH?
Anterior pituitary hGH liver IGFs, more glucose available.
TRH?
Anterior pituitary TSH T4, T3 increase use of glucose for metabolism & energy.
Exhaustion Phase?
Body is depleted & cannot sustain resources.
