Gastrointestinal & Metabolism Systems Flashcards
Tongue?
Taste, hold food in place.
Mouth?
Mastication to form bolus, has salivary amylase.
Dentition?
Heterodentition, carnacials, incisors, molars, fat warmed in mouth.
Esophagus?
Voluntary at top, lower portion involuntary.
Epiglottis?
Elastic flap covers trachea.
Peristalsis?
Rhythmic, wavelike muscle contract.
Stomach?
Cardia top, pyloris = inferior, fundus = belly, food digested in the stomach becomes chyme.
Gastric Rugae?
Folds inside the stomach to increase surface area.
3 Layer Muscle?
Diagonal, longitudinal, circular.
Cardiac Valve?
At the top of the stomach, prevents food from going back up into esophagus.
Pyloric Valve?
At the end of the stomach, prevents food from passing by into the small intestine too early.
Goblet Cells?
Secrete mucus.
HCI?
Activates pepsinogen to make pepsin, made by the parietal cells.
Pepsin?
Produced by chief cells (inactive as pepsinogen), break down protein.
Vili?
- Small fingerlike projections to increase the surface area of the intestines.
- Vili contain lacteals (lymph vessel to absorb fats), and blood vessels to absorb other nutrient.
Microvili?
Additional cilia like structure on membrane Vili.
Crypts?
Produce digestive juices.
Intestinal Flora?
Good, healthy bacteria living in gut, should be refrigerated if used in a supplement, flora depends on the person’s diet.
Gall Bladder?
Holds & stores bile until appropriate time to release it into the system.
Emulsification?
The process of breaking down fats to allow them to combine with water.
Cholecystekinin (CCK)?
Hormone used to trigger the release of bile from eating fatty foods
Ampula of Vater?
Opening in the small intestine where the gall bladder drains into the digestive system.
Sphincter of Oddi?
Ring shaped sphincter muscle used to closer the valve at the Ampula of Vater.
Common Bile Duct?
Drains the bile from the gallbladder into the digestive system, also shared with the pancreas.
Liver Functions?
- carbohydrate metabolism: maintains blood glucose & glycogen stores.
- lipid metabolism: triglyceride & cholesterol formed & processed.
- protein metabolism: coverts protein amine waste to urea to be excreted.
- processes drugs & hormones.
- excretes bilirubin/ bile.
- stores vitamins & minerals: especially Vit. A, B12, D, K, iron, & copper.
- activate vitamin D.
Phase 1?
Convert original compound into a toxic intermediate.
Phase 2?
Naturalize the toxic intermediate.
Fiber?
Used to form bulk & scrub the colon. Bind & remove bile & cholesterol, will speed motility and help absorb excess water.
Bacteria?
VERY HIGH NUMBERS OF BACTERIA IN COLON, used to assist with digestive process.
For example just over half the vitamin K we need is produced by bacteria.
Rectum?
Used to store waste products until the body is able to excrete them.
Anus?
External opening to the digestive system.
Internal Sphincter?
Involuntary control.
External Sphincter?
Voluntary control.
Absorption - Small & Medium Fats?
Absorbed into the blood stream, go through the hepatic portal circulation in the blood stream.
Absorption - Carbohydrates & Proteins?
Into the blood & hepatic portal circulation with small & medium fats.
Absorption - Large Fats?
Absorbed in the sm. intestines into lacteals, lacteals join the lymph & bypass the hepatic portal circulation.
Absorption - Water & Minerals?
Absorbed in the colon.
VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein)?
- made in liver, transports triglyceride to adipose tissue.
* deposit some lipid in adipose and then become LDL.
LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)?
- about 75% of total cholesterol.
* is taken to cells to do repair, used for steroids & bile.
HDL?
•removes excess cholesterol from liver for elimination.
Catabolism?
Reactions that break things down.
Anabolism?
Reactions that build things up.
Glycolysis?
- Glucose (6C) -> 2 pyruvate (3C)
- anaerobic
- Net gain of 2 ATP at the end
- Insulin promotes glycolysis
- glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis
Cori Cycle?
Pyruvate -> lactic acid (lactate), anaerobic.
Krebs Cycle?
- Pyruvate -> converted to Acetyl Co A & releases Carbon dioxide
- As it is broken down, releases NADH, GTP, FADH2, CO2
- Required oxygen
Electron Transport Chain?
- Used to convert other high energy molecules to a currency we can use (convert to ATP)
- Each NADH gives 3 ATP, each FADH2 gives 2 ATP, GTP gives 1 ATP
- 1 glucose gets an additional 34 ATP, plus the 2 ATP from glycolysis for a total of 36 ATP
- Occurs in mitochondria
Glucogenic Amino Acids?
Enter into the glucogenic amino acids, can be converted to glucose or pyruvate depending on which amino acid.
Ketogenic Amino Acids?
Enter in at acetyl co A, can only proceed forward, cannot be converted back into glucose or acetyl co A, produce ketone by product.
Fatty Acids?
Glycerol from the glycerol back bone on the fatty acid is broken down with the carbohydrates.
Glycerol from Triglycerides?
Enter in 2 carbon at a time at Acetyl CoA.
Deamination & Protein Breakdown?
- Amino acids are deaminated in the liver
* Amino groups is converted to urea, then sent to kidney to be removed in urine.
Feasting Metabolism?
- promotes fat formation
- excess fat only uses 5% of it’s energy intake to convert it to fat
- carbohydrates use 25% of the calories to convert them to fat
- surplus protein is deaminated, fat is displaced in the fuel mix, protein not used is converted to fat.
Fasting Metabolism?
- nervous system must use glucose
- 1/5 or 20% of daily intake goes to fuel brain
- RBCs also need glucose
Symptoms of Starvation?
- muscle wasting
- decreased metabolism
- decreased body temperature
- decrease resistance to disease
- ketosis: decrease the appetite
