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Human Biology 175 > Gastrointestinal & Metabolism Systems > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal & Metabolism Systems Flashcards

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0
Q

Tongue?

A

Taste, hold food in place.

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1
Q

Mouth?

A

Mastication to form bolus, has salivary amylase.

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2
Q

Dentition?

A

Heterodentition, carnacials, incisors, molars, fat warmed in mouth.

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3
Q

Esophagus?

A

Voluntary at top, lower portion involuntary.

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4
Q

Epiglottis?

A

Elastic flap covers trachea.

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5
Q

Peristalsis?

A

Rhythmic, wavelike muscle contract.

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6
Q

Stomach?

A

Cardia top, pyloris = inferior, fundus = belly, food digested in the stomach becomes chyme.

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7
Q

Gastric Rugae?

A

Folds inside the stomach to increase surface area.

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8
Q

3 Layer Muscle?

A

Diagonal, longitudinal, circular.

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9
Q

Cardiac Valve?

A

At the top of the stomach, prevents food from going back up into esophagus.

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10
Q

Pyloric Valve?

A

At the end of the stomach, prevents food from passing by into the small intestine too early.

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11
Q

Goblet Cells?

A

Secrete mucus.

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12
Q

HCI?

A

Activates pepsinogen to make pepsin, made by the parietal cells.

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13
Q

Pepsin?

A

Produced by chief cells (inactive as pepsinogen), break down protein.

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14
Q

Vili?

A
  • Small fingerlike projections to increase the surface area of the intestines.
  • Vili contain lacteals (lymph vessel to absorb fats), and blood vessels to absorb other nutrient.
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15
Q

Microvili?

A

Additional cilia like structure on membrane Vili.

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16
Q

Crypts?

A

Produce digestive juices.

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17
Q

Intestinal Flora?

A

Good, healthy bacteria living in gut, should be refrigerated if used in a supplement, flora depends on the person’s diet.

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18
Q

Gall Bladder?

A

Holds & stores bile until appropriate time to release it into the system.

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19
Q

Emulsification?

A

The process of breaking down fats to allow them to combine with water.

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20
Q

Cholecystekinin (CCK)?

A

Hormone used to trigger the release of bile from eating fatty foods

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21
Q

Ampula of Vater?

A

Opening in the small intestine where the gall bladder drains into the digestive system.

22
Q

Sphincter of Oddi?

A

Ring shaped sphincter muscle used to closer the valve at the Ampula of Vater.

23
Q

Common Bile Duct?

A

Drains the bile from the gallbladder into the digestive system, also shared with the pancreas.

24
Q

Liver Functions?

A
  • carbohydrate metabolism: maintains blood glucose & glycogen stores.
  • lipid metabolism: triglyceride & cholesterol formed & processed.
  • protein metabolism: coverts protein amine waste to urea to be excreted.
  • processes drugs & hormones.
  • excretes bilirubin/ bile.
  • stores vitamins & minerals: especially Vit. A, B12, D, K, iron, & copper.
  • activate vitamin D.
25
Q

Phase 1?

A

Convert original compound into a toxic intermediate.

26
Q

Phase 2?

A

Naturalize the toxic intermediate.

27
Q

Fiber?

A

Used to form bulk & scrub the colon. Bind & remove bile & cholesterol, will speed motility and help absorb excess water.

28
Q

Bacteria?

A

VERY HIGH NUMBERS OF BACTERIA IN COLON, used to assist with digestive process.

For example just over half the vitamin K we need is produced by bacteria.

29
Q

Rectum?

A

Used to store waste products until the body is able to excrete them.

30
Q

Anus?

A

External opening to the digestive system.

31
Q

Internal Sphincter?

A

Involuntary control.

32
Q

External Sphincter?

A

Voluntary control.

33
Q

Absorption - Small & Medium Fats?

A

Absorbed into the blood stream, go through the hepatic portal circulation in the blood stream.

34
Q

Absorption - Carbohydrates & Proteins?

A

Into the blood & hepatic portal circulation with small & medium fats.

35
Q

Absorption - Large Fats?

A

Absorbed in the sm. intestines into lacteals, lacteals join the lymph & bypass the hepatic portal circulation.

36
Q

Absorption - Water & Minerals?

A

Absorbed in the colon.

37
Q

VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein)?

A
  • made in liver, transports triglyceride to adipose tissue.

* deposit some lipid in adipose and then become LDL.

38
Q

LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)?

A
  • about 75% of total cholesterol.

* is taken to cells to do repair, used for steroids & bile.

39
Q

HDL?

A

•removes excess cholesterol from liver for elimination.

40
Q

Catabolism?

A

Reactions that break things down.

41
Q

Anabolism?

A

Reactions that build things up.

42
Q

Glycolysis?

A
  • Glucose (6C) -> 2 pyruvate (3C)
  • anaerobic
  • Net gain of 2 ATP at the end
  • Insulin promotes glycolysis
  • glucagon promotes gluconeogenesis
43
Q

Cori Cycle?

A

Pyruvate -> lactic acid (lactate), anaerobic.

44
Q

Krebs Cycle?

A
  • Pyruvate -> converted to Acetyl Co A & releases Carbon dioxide
  • As it is broken down, releases NADH, GTP, FADH2, CO2
  • Required oxygen
45
Q

Electron Transport Chain?

A
  • Used to convert other high energy molecules to a currency we can use (convert to ATP)
  • Each NADH gives 3 ATP, each FADH2 gives 2 ATP, GTP gives 1 ATP
  • 1 glucose gets an additional 34 ATP, plus the 2 ATP from glycolysis for a total of 36 ATP
  • Occurs in mitochondria
46
Q

Glucogenic Amino Acids?

A

Enter into the glucogenic amino acids, can be converted to glucose or pyruvate depending on which amino acid.

47
Q

Ketogenic Amino Acids?

A

Enter in at acetyl co A, can only proceed forward, cannot be converted back into glucose or acetyl co A, produce ketone by product.

48
Q

Fatty Acids?

A

Glycerol from the glycerol back bone on the fatty acid is broken down with the carbohydrates.

49
Q

Glycerol from Triglycerides?

A

Enter in 2 carbon at a time at Acetyl CoA.

50
Q

Deamination & Protein Breakdown?

A
  • Amino acids are deaminated in the liver

* Amino groups is converted to urea, then sent to kidney to be removed in urine.

51
Q

Feasting Metabolism?

A
  • promotes fat formation
  • excess fat only uses 5% of it’s energy intake to convert it to fat
  • carbohydrates use 25% of the calories to convert them to fat
  • surplus protein is deaminated, fat is displaced in the fuel mix, protein not used is converted to fat.
52
Q

Fasting Metabolism?

A
  • nervous system must use glucose
  • 1/5 or 20% of daily intake goes to fuel brain
  • RBCs also need glucose
53
Q

Symptoms of Starvation?

A
  • muscle wasting
  • decreased metabolism
  • decreased body temperature
  • decrease resistance to disease
  • ketosis: decrease the appetite

Human Biology 175 (10 decks)

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