Introduction To Cells Flashcards
What is feedback/loop system?
Regulates system and responds.
What is homeostasis?
The attempt to maintain a consistent environment.
Receptor?
Detects a change in the environment.
Control center?
Processes info., determines body response to environment, usually CNS.
Effector?
Carries out change determined by control center.
What is negative feedback loop?
Attempts to reverse a change in the body (most common) example weight loss.
What is positive feedback loop?
Reinforced a change being made in the body, examples blood clotting and delivery process.
Define anatomical position.
Frame of references for describing parts of the body.
Where is the superior (cranial/ cephalic)?
Towards the head.
Where is the inferior (caudal)?
Towards the “tail” bottom.
Where is the posterior (dorsal)?
On the back surface.
Where is the anterior (ventral)?
On the front surface.
Where is medial?
Toward the midline of the body.
Where is lateral?
Towards the side of the body.
Where is distal?
Away from the center/ core of the body.
Where is proximal?
Closer to the center/ core of the body.
Where is superficial?
Towards the surface.
Where is deep?
Below the surface.
Where is prone?
Lying face down/ front down.
Where is supine?
Lying face up/ back down.
What does sagital mean?
Cuts body into right and left parts.
What does midsagital mean?
Cuts the body into equal right and left parts.
What does frontal/ corona mean?
Cuts body into front and back parts.
What does transverse/ horizontal mean?
Cuts body into top and bottom parts.
DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, protein that is genetic blueprints for every structure in the body.
Double helix?
DNA is coiled in this pattern, sugar phosphate backbone.
Base pairs?
Pairs of peptides that make up rings of the ladder.
A:T
Adenine and thymine - always paired together in DNA
G:C
Guanine and cytokines - always paired together in DNA
Uracil?
Similar in structure to thymine, takes the place of thymine in RNA.
Plasma membrane?
Surrounds outside of the cell.
Cytoplasm?
All contents inside the cell.
Organelles?
Specialized structures inside cell.
Cytosol?
Fluid portion of inside cell.
Nucleus?
Contains genetic info.
Lipid bilayer?
Phospholipids bilayer, inside hydrophobic, outside hydrophilic.
Passive diffusion (simple)?
No energy required, crosses anywhere on cell membrane.
Passive transport?
No energy required, must cross at specific location.
Active transport?
Energy required, must cross at a specific location.
Crenation?
Dried out/ dehydrated cell.
Endocytosis?
Cell takes something in.
Phagocytosis?
Cell eating.
Pinocytosis?
Cell drinking.
Exocytosis?
Cell removes something from cell/ excretes.
What are the 3 parts of cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.
Cytoskeleton?
Provides support/ structure/ roadway to cell.
Celia?
Multiple, cell movement “crawling”.
Flagella?
Whip-like tail, sperm, “swimming”.
Ribosomes?
Protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic reticulum?
Membrane network in cell.
Golgi apparatus?
Packaging and modification of secretion.
Lysosomes?
Contains enzymes of “lyse”.
What is mitochondria?
Energy production, “powerhouse”.
Nucleoli?
Assemble ribosomes.
Genes?
Code for particular protein.
Chromosomes?
Organized form of genetic material for cell division.
Genome?
Genetic term for genetic information in cell.
Chromatid?
Individual legs of chromosome that pull apart in cell division.
Chromatin?
Loosely coiled DNA.
Transcription?
DNA -> mRNA
Translation?
mRNA -> protein
Codon/ base triplet?
3 base pairs coding a specific amino acid.
mRNA?
Messenger RNA, “working copy”.
tRNA?
Transfer RNA, match amino acid to codon.
rRNA?
Ribosomal RNA, give ribosomes ability to translate code.
Anticodon?
Mirror image to codon.
What is mitosis?
Process of cell division, 4 phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
What is prophase?
The 1st step in mitosis. Chromatin forms chromosomes, start of mitotic spindle, nucleolus disappears.
What is metaphase?
2nd step in mitosis. Chromosomes align, nuclear envelope disappears, mitotic spindle elongates.
What is anaphase?
3rd step in mitosis. Sister chromatids separate, cytokinesis, cleavage furrow formation.
What is telophase?
4th and final step in mitosis. Chromatids go back to chromatic, nucleolus forms, mitotic spindle disappears, new nuclear membrane.
