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20005 > signs common to cancer and their mechanisms > Flashcards

signs common to cancer and their mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

common signs

A
  • lump
  • virchow’s nodes
  • pyrexia
  • night sweating
  • weight loss
  • neutropenic sepsis
  • nail changes
  • lymphedema
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2
Q

what does neoplasia mean

A

it is a new growth

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3
Q

what does carcinoma mean

A

epithelial malignancy

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4
Q

what does sarcoma mean

A

connective tissue malignancy

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5
Q

how does a mutation affect the DNA

A

a point mutation will cause a change in the DNA bases which affects the protein that is produced which can result in cancer

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6
Q

what does an oncogene do

A

it stimulates cell proliferation

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7
Q

what happens when an oncogene is mutated

A

it can lead to an increase in the rate of cell proliferation and is uncontrolled

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8
Q

what does a tumour suppressor gene do

A

it slows down cell proliferation

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9
Q

what happens when a tumour suppressor is mutated

A
  • the suppressor does not work and proliferation is no longer controlled
  • if there are two mutations to the gene then there is nothing to stop the cell proliferation
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10
Q

what is virchows node

A
  • the left supraclavicular lymph node was enlarged with a connection to abdominal and pelvic malignancy
  • it can be the first sign of gastric cancer
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11
Q

how does metastasis occur

A

primary cancer can be spread through the lymphatic system and through the blood stream into the rest of the body for it to develop elswhere

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12
Q

how do you get a tumour in the lymph from other cancers

A

if cancer enters the lymphatic ducts where the tumour is then this can travel to the lymph nodes where it will stay a grow

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13
Q

what is pyrexia

A
  • a higher than normal body temperature
  • caused in response to infection by bacteria or viruses
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14
Q

what is a neoplastic fever

A

a fever that develops as a manifestation of malignancy

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15
Q

why does malignancies induce fevers

A
  • release of pyrogenic cytokines from tumour cells or from macrophages are responding to the tumour
  • cytokines induce prostaglandin E2 which acts on the hypothalamus, changing the set point
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16
Q

what are night sweats

A

excessive perspiration while asleep at night alongside an increase in heart rate and chills

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17
Q

what causes night sweats

A
  • autoimmune disorders
  • bacterial infections
  • certain cancers
  • drug addition
  • hormonal changes associated with menopause
  • medications
  • overactive thyroid or thyroid disease
  • sleep disorders
  • stroke
  • TB
18
Q

why do night sweats happen

A

the bodies thermoregulation gets mixed messaging resulting is sweating in aims to regulate temperature

19
Q

cancers causing night sweats

A
  • they come alongside other symptoms such as weight loss and fever
  • they are persistent not sporadic
  • they are linked to carcinoid tumours, adrenal tumour, leukaemia and lymphoma
  • can be side effects of treatments
20
Q

pathway of temperature regulation (hot)

A
  1. stimulus increases body temperature
  2. body becomes warmer than hypothalamic set point
  3. activates heat loss centre in hypothalamus
  4. sweat gland are activated and skin blood vessels dilate
  5. body temperature decreases
21
Q

pathway of temperature regulation (cold)

A
  1. stimulus decreases body temperature
  2. blood cooler than hypothalamic set point
  3. activates heat promoting centre in the hypothalamus
  4. skin blood vessels constricted and skeletal muscles are activated and shivering begins
  5. body temperature increases
22
Q

what is cancer cachexia

A

a multifactorial syndrome defined by an ongoing loss of skeletal mass that can be reversed by eating

23
Q

what is the mechanism of cancer cachexia

A
  • a physiological response of substrate mobilization driven by inflammation
  • the release of proinflammatory cytokines from the tumour triggers the brain to release energy which is then used for the cancer to grow further meaning more cytokines for more energy…
  • energy is stored in both adipose and skeletal muscle and can be released from both
24
Q

what cytokines do cancer cells produce

A

TNF alpha
interleukin 6

25
Q

what is neutropenic sepsis

A

a temp of over 38C or other sign of sepsis in someone with a low neutrophil count

26
Q

what are neutrophils

A

white blood cells (found in the blood stream) that engulf and destroy bacteria and other pathogens

27
Q

why do cancer patients get neutropenic sepsis

A

chemotherapy kills the neutrophils meaning that patients cant fight off infections making cancer patients more likely to get sepsis

28
Q

how does chemotherapy affect the nails

A

drugs given interfere with normal kinetics of nail matrix keratinocytes

29
Q

what are beau’s lines on nails

A

transverse depressions on the nail surface from a decrease in nail plate production

29
Q

what is onycholysis

A

the nail plate becoming detached from the nail bed due to toxicity of the nail bed epithelium

30
Q

what are the phases of the cell cycle for chemo to target

A

G2/M checkpoint: Cell size, DNA replication
SAC checkpoint: chromosome attachment
G1/S checkpoint: cell size, nutrient, DNA damage, growth factors
intra-S checkpoint: DNA damage, DNA replication

30
Q

what is the negative of using alkylating agents

A

they damage DNA which can then affect the bone marrow and them making red blood cells which can result in leukemia

30
Q

how do alkylating agents work

A
  • they damage the DNA to stop it from reproducing
  • they work in all stages of the cell cycle
30
Q

how do antimetabolites work

A
  • they interfere with DNA and RNA by acting as a substitute form RNA and DNA building blocks
  • then causing DNA to not be able to copy itself for reproduction
30
Q

how to anti-tumor antibiotics work

A

they change the DNA inside the cancer cell to stop further growth

30
Q

how do topoisomerase inhibitors work

A

interfering with topoisomerases which helps to sperate the DNA strands so they can’t be copied

31
Q

how do anthracyclines work

A

they interefere with enzymes involved in copying DNA during the cell cycle

32
Q

how do mitotic inhibitors work

A
  • they stops cells from dividing to form new cells
  • can also damage cells in all phases by keeping enzymes from making proteins for replication
33
Q

what is lymphedema

A

lymphatic fluid retention causing tissue swelling

34
Q

how does cancer treatment cause lymphedema

A

treatment affect the lymph nodes which affect their drainage do lymph fluid accumulated in the interstitial tissue

35
Q

how does radiotherapy treat cancer

A
  • high energy particles destroy or damage cancer cells
  • these make breaks in the DNA to stop cancer cells from growing so causing them to die

20005 (29 decks)

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