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20005 > homunculus, dermatomes and myotomes > Flashcards

homunculus, dermatomes and myotomes Flashcards

1
Q

what do multipolar neurons do

A
  • they have a motor function
  • one directional
  • gave many inputs into the cell body
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2
Q

what do pseudo-unipolar neurons do

A
  • they have a sensory function
  • have one input (signal enters the cell body and then leaves next to it
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3
Q

what do bipolar neurones do

A
  • they are associated with special senses
  • have 2 clear axons
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4
Q

what is grey matter

A

packed cell bodies or the ganglia

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5
Q

what is white matter

A

the myelin sheath

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6
Q

what are the structural parts of the central nervous system

A
  • brain - cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum and brainstem
  • spinal cord
  • cranial nerves - I (olfactory) and II (optic)
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7
Q

what are the structural parts of the peripheral nervous system

A
  • cranial nerves (minus I & II)
  • spinal nerves (31 pairings)
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8
Q

what are the parts of the spinal cord

A
  • afferent (access in)
  • dorsal root
  • dorsal horn (at the back)
  • ventral horn (at the front)
  • ventral root
  • efferent (exit)
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9
Q

where does the motor tract pass through

A

it leaves through the ventral root (descending pathway)

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10
Q

what does the sensory tract pas through

A

it enters in through the dorsal root (ascending pathway)

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11
Q

what dose the spinothilamic sense

A

temperature (looks like a banana)

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12
Q

what dose the dorsal column sense

A
  • gracile - sensation (from ground to the brain)
  • cuneate - touch and proprioception
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13
Q

what is the function of the cortical spinal tract

A

the motor tract that sends signals from the brain through the rest of the body

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14
Q

what is the function of the anterior cortical spinal tract

A

it sends signals to the core body

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15
Q

what are the main parts of the brainstem (top to bottom)

A
  • CNII
  • pituitary stalk
  • mamillary bodies
  • crus cerebri
  • basilar groove
  • olives
  • pyramidal decussation
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16
Q

what are the internal landmarks of the brain (basal ganglia)

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • lentiform nucleus: putamen, globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
  • corona radiate
  • internal capsule
  • thalamus
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17
Q

what is the function of the white matter in the brain

A

it allows the axons of both motor and sensory neurones to reach other parts of the nervous system

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18
Q

what is the function of the internal capsule

A

it provides a common route for both sensory and motor information and connects the cerebral hemisphere to the brainstem

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19
Q

what are the 3 parts of the internal capsule

A
  1. anterior limb
  2. Genu
  3. posterior limb
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20
Q

anterior limb features

A
  • from the frontal lobe to the pons
  • thalamus to the frontal lobe
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21
Q

genu features

A
  • cranial nerves
  • corticospinal tract
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22
Q

posterior limb features

A
  • sensory tracts
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23
Q

what are the different lobes of the brain

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • insula
24
Q

what is processed in the frontal lobe

A

decision making and movement

25
Q

what is processed in the parietal lobe

A

sensory

26
Q

what is processed in the occipital lobe

A

vision

27
Q

what is processed in the temporal lobe

A

hearing, memory, emotion, sense of smell

28
Q

what is processed in the insula

A

taste and pain process

29
Q

what is at the pre-central gyrus

A

its the primary motor cortex

30
Q

what is at the post central gyrus

A

its the primary somatosensory cortex

31
Q

what is the homunculus

A

it is one gyrus of the brain that has nerves for all sections of the body but primarily is the main area for nerve process of the mouth lips and hands

32
Q

how does the slow pain pathway work

A
  • it is the medial pathway
  • carried by the anterior spinothalamic tract (or the palaeospinothalamic tract)
  • causes a burning, aching and throbbing pain
33
Q

how does the fast pain pathway work

A
  • it is the lateral pathway
  • carried by the lateral spinothalamic tract
  • can be called neospinothalamic
  • causes a sharp, acute, prickling pain
34
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A
  • involved with muscle coordination
  • influences muscle tone and posture
  • maintenance of balance
35
Q

what are the anatomical parts and location of the cerebellum

A
  • anterior lobe
  • posterior lobe
  • flocculonodular lobe
  • separated into two hemispheres by the vermis
  • in the posterior cranial fossa
36
Q

explain the spinocerebellar tract

A
  • sensory information from muscles and joints which travels to the anterior lobe of the cerebellum
  • involved in coordination and balance
  • it compares what you thought you were going to do with what is actually happening to you limbs from proprioceptive feedback
37
Q

where does the posterior spinocerebellar tract enter from

A

via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

38
Q

where does the anterior spinocerebellar tract enter from

A

via the superior cerebellar peduncle

39
Q

explain the rubrospinal tract

A
  • the red nucleus (collection of cell bodies) in the midbrain that communicate with the cerebellum and spinal cord
  • it helps the corticospinal tract by specifically exciting flexor muscles
  • posture of comatose patients
40
Q

what is decorticate

A

when there is a lesion above the red nucleus (hands crossed into a c shape)

41
Q

what is decerebrate

A

damage caused between the red nucleus and inferior olivary nucleus (extends hands)

42
Q

what is the arterial supply of the brain

A
  • anterior cerebral artery
  • middle cerebral artery
  • posterior cerebral artery
43
Q

where does the anterior cerebral artery supply

A

the medial surface

44
Q

where does the middle cerebral artery supply

A

the lateral surface and internal capsule

45
Q

where does the posterior cerebral artery supply

A

the posterior of the brain

46
Q

corticospinal process

A
  • processes movement
    1. upper motor neuron
  • lateral tract = limbs
  • anterior tract = axial
    2. lower motor neuron
47
Q

where is the decussation in the lateral tract

A

at the pyramids brainstem

48
Q

where is the decussation in the anterior tract

A

at the exit level of the spinal cord via the ventral white commissure

49
Q

what does the spinothalamic process

A
  • temperature
  • pain
  • pressure
  • crude touch
50
Q

spinothalamic route

A
  1. dorsal root ganglion
  2. dorsal horn of the spinal cord
    - decussation at same level of entry
  3. thalamus
51
Q

what does the dorsal column process

A
  • fine touch
  • proprioception
  • vibration
52
Q

dorsal column route

A
  1. dorsal route ganglion
  2. cuneate nucleus (above T6) OR gracile nucleus (below T6)
    - decussation in brainstem at mid medulla
  3. thalamus
53
Q

what are dermatomes

A

patches of skin the rely on certain nerve supplies

54
Q

what are myotomes

A

group of spinal nerve roots that collectively innervate a group of muscles

55
Q

what happens in a upper limb motor neuron lesion

A
  • affect the CNS
  • large areas are affected
  • hyper-reflexia (increased stretch reflex)
  • hypertonia (increased tone of muscle
56
Q

what happens in a lower limb motor neuron lesion

A
  • affects the PNS
  • small area affected
  • decreased stretch reflex
  • decreased tone of muscle
  • loss of muscle mass

20005 (29 decks)

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