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20005 > blood glucose > Flashcards

blood glucose Flashcards

1
Q

how does the pancreas deal with a hyper

A
  1. pancreas produces and secretes insulin
  2. glucose moves from liver into cells
  3. liver and muscle cells convert glucose to glycogen
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2
Q

how does the pancreas deal with a hypo

A
  1. pancreas produces and secretes glucagon
  2. glucose moved from blood into liver
  3. liver and muscle cells convert glycogen to glucose
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3
Q

what is glucose needed for in the body

A
  • energy for basic functions
  • neurones rely only on glucose so need for nervous system function
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4
Q

which organs are involved in glucose regulation

A
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • adrenal gland
  • thyroid gland
  • anterior pituitary gland
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5
Q

which pancreatic cells are needed in glucose regulation

A
  • alpha = glucagon
  • beta = insulin
  • delta = somatosatin
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6
Q

what is the function of insulin

A
  • decreases blood glucose through GLUT4
  • increased expression of glycogen synthase
  • inactivation of phosphorylase, decreasing gluconeogenesis
  • decrease expression of rate-limiting enzymes
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7
Q

what is the function of somatostatin

A
  • decrease blood glucose by supressing glucagon release
  • suppresses gastrin and pituitary tropic hormones
  • decreases insulin release
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8
Q

which hormones are involved in insluin regulation

A
  • insulin
  • somatostatin
  • glucagon
  • cortisol
  • adrenaline
  • thyroxine
  • growth hormone
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
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9
Q

what does glucagon do

A

increase blood glucose through increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

what does cortisol do

A

increase blood glucose levels via stimulation of glucogenesis by antagonism of insulin

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11
Q

what does adrenaline do

A
  • increase glucose by glycogenolysis
  • increase fatty acids from adipose tissue
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12
Q

what does thyroxine do

A

increase glucose through glycogenolysis and increase absorption in the intestine

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13
Q

what does growth hormone do

A
  • promotes gluconeogenesis
  • inhibits liver uptake
  • stimulates thyroid
  • inhibits insulin
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14
Q

what does adrenocorticotropic hormone do

A
  • stimulates cortisol release
  • stimulate fatty acid release
  • feeds into gluconeogenesis
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15
Q

how is insulin regulated in beta cells

A
  • GLUT2 cells transport glucose and glucokinase
  • convert glucose into glucose-6-phosphate
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16
Q

what is glycolosis

A

the conversion of glucose to pyruvate creating free ATP

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17
Q

how is insulin move out of beta cells

A
  1. negative feedback on ATP sensitive K channels close
  2. Ca in through voltage gated channel
  3. activates calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase
  4. insulin secreted through exocytosis
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18
Q

what inhibits insulin release

A
  • adrenaline
  • galanin
  • somatostatin
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19
Q

what stimulates insulin release

A
  • acetylcholine
  • bombesin
  • glucagon like peptide 1
  • glucagon
  • cholecystokinin
  • glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide
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20
Q

why are KATP channels open in low metabolism

A
  • low ATP and elevated MgADP
  • activity generates hyperpolarised membrane potential preventing electrical activity
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21
Q

what does insulin uptake promote

A
  • increased glucose uptake
  • increased glycogen storage
  • promotes protein production
  • promotes glycolysis
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22
Q

how does glucose enter into cells

A

through insulin activation of the GLUT 4 receptors

23
Q

how does insulin affect glucose metabolism in the muscle and adipose

A
  • increase glucose uptake
  • increase glycogen synthesis
  • inhibits glycogen breakdown
24
Q

how does insulin affect glucose metabolism in the liver

A
  • increases glycogen formation
  • inhibits glycogen breakdown
  • inhibits gluconeogenesis
25
Q

how does insulin affect protein metabolism in the muscle and adipose

A
  • increase amino acid uptake
  • promotes protein synthesis
  • inhibits degradation
26
Q

how does insulin affect protein metabolism in the liver

A
  • inhibits breakdown of amino acids
  • decreases urea formation
27
Q

how does insulin affect fat metabolism in adipose

A
  • increased storage of triglycerides
  • increased storage of fatty acids
28
Q

how does insulin affect fat metabolism in the liver

A
  • inhibits breakdown of fatty acids to ketones
29
Q

what happens in the liver when there is high blood glucose

A
  • increase glycogen storage
  • decrease gluconeogenesis
  • decrease glycogenolysis
30
Q

what happens in the liver when there is a low blood glucose

A
  • increase glycogenolysis
  • increase gluconeogenesis
  • decrease glycogen storage
31
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

glycogen to glucose

32
Q

when is gluconeogenesis

A

amino acids, waste products and fats into glucose

33
Q

what is ketosis

A

alternative fuel source by converting fast in starvation state

34
Q

what are the different types of ketones

A
  • acetoacetate
  • beta hydroxybutyrate
  • acetone
35
Q

how is ketone formed

A

free fatty acids undergo hydrolysis to Acetly CO
converted into acetoacetate and other ketone bodies

36
Q

how is acetone formed

A

from the breakdown of the other ketone bodies

37
Q

what is type I diabetes

A
  • autoimmune reaction
  • destruction of B cell by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
38
Q

what are symptoms of type I diabetes

A
  • thirsty
  • increased urination
  • tired
  • losing weight without trying
  • thrush
  • blurred vision
  • cuts and grazes not healing
  • fruity smelling breath
39
Q

what is type II diabetes

A
  • normal or raise insulin secretion
  • insulin receptor insensitivity
  • liver does not react to signals of insulin
40
Q

what are the symptoms of type II diabetes

A
  • peeing more
  • thirsty
  • tired
  • losing weight without trying
  • itching around penis or vagina
  • cuts take longer to heal
  • blurred vision
41
Q

what are symptoms of hypoglycaemia

A
  • sweating
  • tingling lips
  • shaking or trembling
  • dizziness
  • tiredness
  • palpitation
  • irritibility
42
Q

what are hyperglycaemia symptoms

A
  • increased thirst
  • dry mouth
  • frequent urination
  • tiredness
  • blurred vision
  • weight loss
  • recurrent infections
43
Q

what is DKA

A

absence of insulin and maintained glucagon causes a release in fatty acids which are rapidly converted to ketones which build up

44
Q

what are symptoms of DKA

A
  • fast/ deep breathing
  • dry skin
  • flushed face
  • fruity breath
  • headache
  • stiffness
  • vomiting
45
Q

what is hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

A

severe dehydration caused by the body trying to get rid of excess sugar

46
Q

what are the symptoms of hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

A
  • urination
  • thirst
  • nausea
  • dry skin
  • disorientation
47
Q

what is hypovolemia

A
  • reduction of fluid volume
  • changes to balance of electrolytes
48
Q

what is grade 1 hypovolaemic shock

A
  • 15% loss
  • normal BP, and resps
49
Q

what is grade 2 hypovolaemic shock

A
  • 15-30% loss
  • increase resps
  • normal bp
    narrowing pulse pressure
50
Q

what is grade 3 hypovolaemic shock

A
  • 30-40% loss
  • systolic falls to 100
  • tachycardic and tachypnoea
51
Q

what is grade 4 hypovolaemic shock

A
  • 40% loss
  • tachy with weak pulse
  • significant decreased systolic
52
Q

what occurs in gestational diabetes

A
  • oestrogen, cortisol and human placental lactogen have blocking effect on insulin
  • 20-24 weeks pregnant
53
Q

what is the target BM levels

A
  • normal = 4-7
  • diabetic = 4-9
54
Q

how to manage diabetes

A
  • focused history
  • oxygen if needed
  • take a BM
  • give oral glucose, IV glucose or IM glucagon

20005 (29 decks)

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