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20005 > neural damage > Flashcards

neural damage Flashcards

1
Q

what is the efferent tract

A

sensory

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2
Q

what is the afferent tract

A

motor

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3
Q

what is myelin

A
  • fatty tissue
  • oligodendrocytes in the CNS
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4
Q

what is microglia

A
  • CNS monocytes
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5
Q

what are astrocytes

A
  • control blood brain barrier
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6
Q

what are the different types of glia

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
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7
Q

what are the neurones in the PNS

A
  • myelinating Schwann cells
  • satellite cells
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8
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes precursor cells

A

make new myelin if there is any damage

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9
Q

what is myelin

A
  • fatty sheath around nerve fibres
  • oligodendrocytes wrapped around each other
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10
Q

what is the function of nodes of ranvier

A
  • gap between wrap of myelin
  • where electrical signal is sent between as this is where neurones are
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11
Q

oligodendrocytes in CNS structure

A
  • each multiple internodes
  • can be multiple
  • extend outwards
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12
Q

Schwann cells in PNS structure

A
  • entire cell sits on axon
  • each cell is an internode
  • sit on nerve fibre and wrap themselves
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13
Q

what is demyelination

A

loss of myelin due to diseases eg MS

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14
Q

what is the result of demyelination

A
  • impaired neurological function
  • visual and gait deficits
  • reduced conduction
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15
Q

what different factors can damage the nervous system

A
  • traumatic
  • developmental
  • neurodegenerative
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16
Q

what is neurodegerneration

A

loss/ deterioration of neural cells/ circuitry

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17
Q

what causes neurodegeneration

A
  • genetic, age trauma
  • Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s
18
Q

what are the consequences of neurodegeneration

A
  • dementia
  • disordered movement
  • psychiatric disturbance
  • paralysis
  • pain
19
Q

what are the cellular and molecular bases of neurodegeneration

A
  • cell failure
  • non-specific tissue damage
  • accumulation of toxic molecules
  • inflammation
  • demyelination
  • neuronal apoptosis
20
Q

how does the CNS change in aging

A
  • prevents growth
  • becomes more stable
  • unneeded neurones are pruned away
21
Q

why is myeline removed

A

it can be inhibitory to the synapses

22
Q

what are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A
  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • depression
  • cognitive disturbances
  • chronic pain
  • bouts of dizziness
23
Q

what is MS

A
  • demyelinating disease
  • loss of oligodendrocytes
  • sensory, motor and visceral deficits
24
Q

what are the structural changes in dementia

A
  • loss of synapses
  • loss of neurons
  • brain is noticeably shrunken
25
Q

what are the effects of dementia

A
  • behavioural disturbances
  • psychological disturbances
  • impaired language/ understanding
  • irreversible decline in mental function
26
Q

what causes aggression in dementia

A
  • altered brain function
  • secondary to frustration, irritation, anxiety
  • frustration from cognitive impairment
27
Q

what is an ischemic stroke

A

blockage to the blood vessels in the brain causing ischemia

28
Q

what is haemorrhagic stroke

A

bleeding vessels in the brain

29
Q

what is a TIA

A

an ischaemic stroke where symptoms fully resolve

30
Q

what are some stoke mimics

A
  • seizures
  • infections
  • migraine
31
Q

what is diabetic peripheral neuropathy

A

nerve damage in the peripheries as a result of chronic hyperglycaemia exposure

32
Q

what are the symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

A
  • numbness, tingling in feet
  • burning/ stabbing/ shooting
  • muscle weakness and twitches
  • sores/ ulcers
33
Q

what effect does hyperglycaemia have on Schwann cells

A
  • mitochondrial dysfunction
  • affects NADPH oxidase causing an inflammatory signal
34
Q

what is the microvascular damage from hyperglycaemia

A
  • capillary basement membrane thickening
  • loss of pericyte coverage
  • endothelial hyperplasia
35
Q

what is the neuronal damage from hyperglycaemia

A
  • demyelination
  • axon loss distally
  • myelinated fibre density reduction
36
Q

what causes shingles

A
  • chickenpox virus
  • remains dormant until reactivated
37
Q

what are the effects of shingles

A

infects nerves in the surrounding skin and cause blisters

38
Q

what are the types of periodic paralysis

A
  • hypokalaemic periodic paralysis
  • hyperkaliaemic periodic paralysis
39
Q

what is hypokalaemic periodic paralysis

A
  • decreased serum potassium levels
  • sudden onset of flaccid paralysis
  • risk of aspiration
40
Q

what is hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis

A
  • increase in serum potassium levels
  • sudden onset of flaccid paralysis
  • risk of aspiration
41
Q

what is hypokalaemic periodic paralysis management

A

prophylactic oral potassium

42
Q

what is hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis

A

diuretics to reduce potassium

20005 (29 decks)

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