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20005 > hypertension > Flashcards

hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypertension

A

persistently elevated arterial blood pressure

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2
Q

how does BP link to circadium rhythm

A

rises at the start of the day and is the lowest in the evening

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3
Q

what is primary hypertension

A

chronically elevated blood pressure with no identifiable cause

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4
Q

what is secondary hypertension

A

has an identifiable cause either disease or drugs

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5
Q

what is pseudohypertension

A
  • falsely elevated BP measurement
  • vessels are stiff and thick because of calcification and resist compression from BP cuff
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6
Q

what is white coat hypertension

A

clinical BP > home bp

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7
Q

what is masked hypertension

A

home bp > clinical bp

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8
Q

what is hypertensive emergencies

A

hypertension with acute end organ damage

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9
Q

what is hypertensive urgencies

A

hypertension without acute end organ damage

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10
Q

what causes hypertension during pregancy

A
  • preeclampsia-eclampsia
  • chronic hypertension
    superimposed preeclampsia
  • gestational hypertension
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11
Q

what are risk factors of hyperenstion

A
  • age
  • smoking
  • DM
  • dyslipidaemia
  • obesity
  • physical inactivity
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12
Q

what is stage 1 BP

A

140/90 - 159/99

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13
Q

what is stage 2 bp

A

160/100- 179/199

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14
Q

what is stage 3 bp

A

> 180/120

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14
Q

what is arterial blood pressure

A

the pressure in the arterial wall between blood flow and the resistance of blood flow

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14
Q

what is arterial BP calculation

A

ABP = CO x PVR

15
Q

what falls under peripheral resistance

A

arterial tone

15
Q

what falls under cardiac output

A
  • heart rate
  • contractility
  • filling pressure
  • blood volume
  • venous tone
16
Q

what does abnormal neuronal mechanism affect in BP

A
  • overactive sympathetic nervous system
  • resetting of baroreceptor reflex systems
17
Q

what abnormalities lead to hypertension development

A
  • abnormal neuronal mechanism
  • malfunctions in humoral mechanisms
  • defects in peripheral autoregulation
  • altered vascular endothelial mechanisms
17
Q

what is the affects of humoral mechanisms malfunctions

A
  • overactive RAAS
  • insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia
18
Q

what is the SNS heart regulation of BP

A
  • increase heart rate
  • increase force of contraction
  • increase CO
  • adrenaline and noradrenaline bind to B1
19
Q

what is the SNS blood vessel regulation of BP

A
  • alpha 1 vasoconstrict increase PVR
  • beta 2 vasodilate decrease PVR
19
Q

what is the SNS kidney regulation of BP

A
  • increase renin secretion
  • increase ang II
  • increase BP
20
Q

how does altered vascular endothelial mechanism affect BP

A
  • endothelial cells has vasodilating substances and vasoconstricting substances
  • deficiencies can cause excess vasoconstriction
20
Q

how does insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia affect BP

A
  • increased insulin increases Na, increasing SNS
  • can induce hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle
  • increase intracellular Ca, increase vascular resistance
20
Q

how does the kidney regulate BP

A

BP drop kidney increases Na and water retention to increase BP

21
Q

what do defects in peripheral autoregulation affect BP

A

increased Na retention means more water retention so increased BP

22
Q

what are the stages of baroreceptor reflex with increasing BP

A
  1. BP above normal range
  2. baroreceptors in carotid sinuses and aortic arch are stimulated
  3. increase impulses inhibit cardio stimulatory and vasomotor centre
  4. decrease sympathetic impulse, decrease HP and CO
  5. decrease vasomotor to vasodilate
  6. decrease CO and PVR
23
Q

what are the stages of baroreceptor reflex with decreasing BP

A
  1. decreased BP above normal range
  2. baroreceptors inhibited
  3. decreased baroreceptors activates cardio stimulatory and vasomotor centre
  4. increase sympathetic impulses to heart increase HR and CO
  5. vasomotor impulses vasoconstrict
  6. increase CO and PVR
23
Q

what increases renin release

A
  • decreased renal perfusion
  • sympathetic neural activity catecholamines
  • low Na
  • hyperkalaemia
23
Q

what does the RAAD system do

A

regulates sodium, potassium and blood volume

23
Q

where is renin secreted from

A

juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney

23
Q

how does RAAS affect the adrenal gland

A
  • cortex stimulate aldosterone secretion increase Na reabsorption
  • medulla stimulate release of catecholamines
23
Q

how does the RAAS system affect the heart

A
  • inotropic and chronotropic effects
  • cardiac hypertrophy - increases stiffness
23
Q

how does RAAS affect blood vessels

A
  • ang II is a vasoconstrictor
  • acts directly on vascular smooth muscle
  • facilitates sympathetic transmission through presynaptic angiotensin
24
Q

how does RAAS affect the CNS

A
  • stimulation of central sympathetic tone
  • release of ADH inhibits diuresis
  • stimulation of drinking
25
Q

what are the stages of the RAAS system

A
  1. angiotensinogen binds with renin from the kidneys
  2. makes angiotensin I
  3. ang I is altered by ACE
  4. makes angiotensin II
  5. creates AT1 which vasoconstricts and AT2 which vasodilates
  6. AT1 triggers aldosterone release
  7. increase Na and water retention and K excretion

20005 (29 decks)

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