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20005 > respiratory disorders > Flashcards

respiratory disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypoxia

A

condition characterised by an inadequate level of oxygen reaching body’s tissue

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2
Q

what is hypercapnia

A

condition characterised by an excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood stream

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3
Q

what is atelectasis

A

collapse of closure of a part of whole of the lung, resulting in reduced gas exchange

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4
Q

what is cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin and membranes as a result of reduced haemoglobin

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5
Q

what is dyspnoea

A

sensation of difficult breathing NB symptom for evaluating lung and airway function

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6
Q

what is tachypnoea

A

rapid breathing characterised by abnormally quick breaths, often a sign of respiratory distress

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7
Q

what is bronchoconstriction

A

generalised constriction of bronchial smooth muscle narrowing the bronchial lumen creating difficulty breathing

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8
Q

what is sputum

A

mixture of mucous and saliva coughed up from the respiratory tract

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9
Q

what is wheeze

A

whistling noise characteristic of air passing through a narrow tube

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10
Q

what is haemoptysis

A

coughing up blood. possible causes: lung infections, bronchial carcinoma, pulmonary oedema

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11
Q

what is bronchospasm

A

sudden wave of constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, narrowing the airway

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12
Q

what are crackles/ rales

A

sounds heard during breathing that resemble fine crackling or popping noises, indicative of fluid in small airways or alveoli

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13
Q

what does CO2 tigger in ventilation reflex

A

central (medullary) chemoreceptors

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14
Q

what does O2 trigger in ventilation reflex

A

peripheral (carotid and aortic) chemoreceptors

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15
Q

what affects hypoxia

A
  • O2 delivery to tissue depends on CaO2 and rate of blood flow
  • also result from decrease tissue O2 utilization
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16
Q

what is assessed in hypoximia

A

low PaO2 and low Hb saturation

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17
Q

what are the different types of hypoxia

A
  • anaemic hypoxia
  • stagnant hypoxia
  • histotoxic hypoxia
  • hypoxic hypoxia
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18
Q

what is anaemic hypoxia

A

reduced number of red blood cells

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19
Q

what is stagnant hypoxia

A

reduced blood flow

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20
Q

what is histotoxic hypoxia

A

reduced oxygen utilisation by cells

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21
Q

what is hypoxic hypoxia

A

reduced partial pressure of O2 in blood cells

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22
Q

what are different causes of O2 deficiency

A
  • O2 deficiency in inspiratory air
  • abnormal ventilation
  • abnormal diffusion
  • decreased transport capacity
  • circulatory failure
  • vasoconstriction
  • increase O2 affinity of haemoglobin
  • abnormal diffusion in tissues
  • abnormal O2 utilisation
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23
Q

what is acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

progressive form of acute, hypoxemic respiratory failure with widespread lung inflammation

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24
Q

what causes acute respiratory distress syndrome

A
  1. tissue inflammation
  2. neutrophils/ immune cells are triggered
  3. surfactant is reduced/ not produced
  4. start to get alveoli collapse
  5. ventilation-perfusion mismatch
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25
Q

what triggers acute respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • sepsis
  • pneumonia
  • aspiration
  • trauma
  • near drowning
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26
Q

what signs are acute respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • laboured breathing
  • severe SOB
  • cyanosis
  • rapid heart rate
  • confusion/ altered mental state
  • tachypnoea
  • severe fatigue
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27
Q

what are obstructive disorders

A

limitation of airflow due to partial or complete obstruction, issues with airflow leaving

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28
Q

what are restrictive disorders

A

reduced expansion of lung parenchyma accompanied by decreased total lung capacity, struggles air going in

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29
Q

what is COPD

A
  • persistent airflow limitation that is usually progressive
  • not fully reversible
  • chronic inflammatory response
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30
Q

what is emphysema

A
  • irreversible enlargement of airspace distal to terminal bronchiole
  • loss of elastic tissue -> loss of recoil
  • loss of alveolar surface area and capillary bed -> hypoxia
31
Q

how is emphysema caused

A

breakdown of elastase to elastin is not blocked by protease inhibitors

32
Q

what is chronic bronchitis

A
  • productive cough for three months in 2 years
  • dyspnoea and airway obstruction
  • inflammation causing mucosal thickening and mucous hypersecretion increasing resistance
33
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of obstructive and restrictive disease

A
  • chronic productive cough
  • barrel chest
  • respiratory acidosis
  • tachypnoea
  • sever fatigue and exercise intolerance
  • weight loss
  • severe SOB
  • wheezing
  • pursed lip exhalation
34
Q

what causes the signs and symptoms in restrictive and obstructive diseases

A
  • mucous/ inflammation in airway
  • collapse of alveoli and airways
  • decrease elastic recoil and increased lung compliance
  • hypoxia
35
Q

what is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

A
  • alveoli ventilation is matched to perfusion in capillaries
  • decrease in vents increases Pco2 and decreases Po2
  • decreased Po2 constricts arteries
36
Q

what is cor pulmonale

A

enlargement of right ventricle due to high blood pressure caused by chronic lung disease

37
Q

what are the signs of cor pulmonale

A
  • raised JVP
  • pedal oedema
  • ascites
  • hepatic congestion
38
Q

what are teh consequences of ventilatory acclimation to hypercapnia

A

CO2 retention -> severe reduction in ventilatory drive when receiving supplemental O3

39
Q

what is asthma

A
  • reversible chronic inflammation of the airways
  • increased airway hyoer-responsiveness
40
Q

what are the two types of asthma

A
  • extrinsic or allergic stimuli
  • intrinsic or non-allergic stimuli
41
Q

what are the causes or extrinsic asthma

A
  • environmental triggers
  • allergic reaction
  • childhood onset
  • most common
42
Q

what are the causes or intrinsic asthma

A
  • stimulated by respiratory tract infection
  • more severe
  • adult onset
43
Q

what pathophysiology triggers asthma attackes

A

the release of cytokines, immune and inflammation cells - increasing mucus secretion and contraction

44
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of asthma

A
  • cough
  • wheezing
  • chest tightness
  • tachypnoea
  • severe shortness of breath
  • hypoxia
45
Q

what is fibrosis

A

abnormal and excessive formation of fibrous scar tissue in the lungs decreasing diffusion so decreasing PaO2

46
Q

what are the causes of firbosis

A
  • idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • secondary
47
Q

what causes secondary fibrosis

A

inhalation of environmental or occupational pollutants

48
Q

what is the pathophysiology of fibrosis

A
  1. infection/ stimulus
  2. endothelial damage
  3. innate and adaptive immunity and fibroblast activation
  4. inflammation
  5. myofibroblast activation
  6. persistent myofibroblast activation
  7. fibrosis
49
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of fibrosis

A
  • dry cough
  • tachypnoea
  • chest tightness
  • sever SOB
  • fatigue
50
Q

what is a pulmonary embolism

A

sudden blockage of one or more arteries in the lungs by a blood clot

51
Q

what causes a PE

A
  • DVT
  • stasis of blood
  • increased blood coagulability
  • venous endothelial injury
52
Q

what is the pathophysiology of a PE

A
  • Virchow’s triad for DVT which moves
  • VQ mismatch as lung is not properly perfused
53
Q

what are the symptoms of a PE

A
  • swollen, tender, warm, redden calf
  • chest pain - sharp/ stabbing
  • cough and haemoptysis
  • tachycardia
  • sudden onset of dyspnoea
54
Q

what is pulmonary oedema

A

accumulation of excess fluid in interstitium or alveolar spaces resulting in impaired gaseous exchange

55
Q

what are the two different types of pulmonary oedema

A
  • cardiogenic pulmonary oedema
  • noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema
56
Q

what causes cardiogenic pulmonary oedema

A
  • heart cant pump blood effectively
  • increase hydrostatic pressure and exceeds capacity for fluid clearance
  • forces fluid into lung tissue
57
Q

what causes non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema

A
  • damage or dysfunction of lung tissue or blood vessels
  • increased vascular permeability
  • forces fluid to lung tissue
  • include allergic reaction, trauma, lung infection
58
Q

what is the effects of pulmonary oedema

A
  • alveolar collapse
  • increase surface forces
  • decrease pulmonary compliance and decrease gaseous exchange
  • results in hypoxemia
59
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary oedema

A
  • wheeze or crackles
  • chest pain and tightness
  • dyspnoea
  • tachypnoea
  • fatigue
  • cough and blood tinged sputum
60
Q

what is pleural effusion

A

fluid in the pleural space from an increase production or decreased reabsorption of fluid

61
Q

what is exudative pleural effusion

A

alteration in vascular permeability or fluid reabsorption

62
Q

what is transudative pleural effusion

A

effusion from hydrostatic and oncotic imbalance so fluid leaks into pleural space

63
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of pleural effusion

A
  • dyspnoea
  • cough (dry)
  • chest pain (pleuritic)
  • decreased breath sounds
64
Q

what is the difference between pulmonary oedema and pleural effusion

A

fluid accumulate in the lung in oedema and in the pleural space in pleural effusion

65
Q

what is bronchiectasis

A

permanent/ abnormal dilation of bronchi and bronchioles and weakening of mucociliary transport mechanism from inflammation

66
Q

what is the cause of bronchiectasis

A

damage to airway walls loses structural integrity so mucous can’t be cleared

67
Q

what is bronchomalacia

A

excessice and abnormal softening of bronchial cartilage causing weakening and collapse of the airway

68
Q

symptoms of bronchomalaci

A
  • coughing
  • wheeze
  • dyspnoea
69
Q

what is the pathophysiology of bronchomalacia

A
  • forced expiration increases positive pressure
  • collapse of non-rigid portion of bronchus
  • wheeze and decrease removal of secretion
70
Q

what is anaphylaxis

A

systemic hypersensitivity reaction from inflammatory mediators

71
Q

symptoms of anaphylaxis

A
  • difficulty breathing
  • swelling face and throat
  • drop in BP
  • hives
  • GIT distress
72
Q

what does capnography measure

A
  • real time info of respiratory status
  • assesses exhaled CO2
73
Q

how do ACE inhibitors affect respiration

A
  • ACE-1 is a competitive inhibitor
  • prevents degradation of bradykinin and substance P
  • accumulation in respiratory tracts stimulates J receptors
  • causes a cough
74
Q

how does opioid overdose affect respiration

A
  • hyperventilation, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis
  • decreased O2 sat and decreased upper airway patency
  • hypoxia and hypercapnia
  • opioid act on mu receptors which causes respiratory destress

20005 (29 decks)

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