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Biochemistry > Signalling > Flashcards

Signalling Flashcards

1
Q

Signal transduction pathway (5 steps)

A

Release of primary messenger
Reception of primary messenger
Delivery of messenger inside cell by second messenger
Activation of effectors that alter physiological response
Termination of the signal

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2
Q

What does GPCR stand for?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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3
Q

Most common mutation in cancer

A

Mutation in Ras

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4
Q

What does GEF stand for?

A

GDP exchange factor

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5
Q

What facilitates the change from GDP to GTP?

A

SOS (GEF) which binds to Ras

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6
Q

What is the first messenger?

A

Extracellular signal that activates a receptor from the outside of the cell

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7
Q

What is the second messenger?

A

low MW metabolite or inorganic ion that changes in concentration due to the effector enzyme

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8
Q

Where is Glut 4 especially present?

A

In the cytoplasm

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9
Q

Is there a high or low amount of second messengers during the resting state of the cell?

A

Low

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10
Q

Common second messengers

A

Calcium ion
Diaclyglycerol
Cyclic GMP
Cyclic AMP
Inostiol 1,4,5-triohosphate (IP3)

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11
Q

What activates the formation of cyclic nucleotides?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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12
Q

What deactivates the formation of cyclic nucleotides?

A

cAMP phosphodiesterases

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13
Q

What does PI 3-kinase produce?

A

PIP3
Phosphorylates inositol (PIP2) in the 3rd position

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14
Q

What kind of messenger is calcium?

A

Second messenger

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15
Q

Is signal transduction specific?

A

Yes very specific

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16
Q

What is the Ka when the affinity is high?

A

Low

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17
Q

What is desensitisation?

A

When receptors are activated it triggers a feedback that shuts off the receptor or removes it from the cell surface

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18
Q

What is divergence?

A

When a receptor activates two or more pathways

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19
Q

What is G-protein activated by?

A

Binding of GTP

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20
Q

What are the subunit of G protein?

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

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21
Q

What is 7TM?

A

7 transmembranos receptor

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22
Q

What does GTPase do?

A

Removes a phosphate making GTP GDP

23
Q

Does GEF favour GTP or GDP?

A

GTP

24
Q

Does GAP favour GTP or GDP?

A

GDP

25
Q

What are adrenergic receptors?

A

Protein receptor in the plasma tha bind epinephrine

26
Q

What is the target tissue of epinephrine?

A

Muscle
Blood vessles

27
Q

What kind of stress is epinephrine in “charge” of? Long term or acute?

A

Acute stress

28
Q

What does cyclic AMP activate?

A

PKA

29
Q

What is an agonist?

A

A molecule that is different than the natural ligand but produces the same effect

30
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Analog that binds the receptor and blocks the effects of the agonist and natural ligand

31
Q

Which subunit of PKA does cyclic AMP bind to?

A

Regulatory subunit

32
Q

2 subunits of PKA

A

Regulatory and inhibitor subunits

33
Q

What are kinases all phosphorylated by?

A

Ser and Thr (but specific ones, in a specific sequence (consensus sequences)

34
Q

What does CREB stand for?

A

cAMP Response element binding protein

35
Q

What does CREB do?

A

Alters the expression of specific genes regulated by cAMP

36
Q

What are Gi proteins?

A

Inhibitory G protein

37
Q

What does cholera toxin block?

A

GTPase activity of Gs

38
Q

Where is calcium stored?

A

In the ER

39
Q

What opens calcium channels?

A

IP3

40
Q

What is released when PIP2 is cut?

A

IP3 (polar end group)

41
Q

What does IP3 act as a second messenger to release?

A

Calcium

42
Q

What happens to Fura-2 when it binds to calcium?

A

It becomes florescent

43
Q

What is Fura-2 used to when bound to calcium?

A

Determine the intracellular calcium concentration as it is proportional to how fluorescent it is

44
Q

What is calmodulin?

A

An important calcium modulator
Regulatory protein

45
Q

What 2 domains does receptor tyrosine kinases have?

A

Extracellular ligand binding domain
Cytoplasmic Tyr kinase domain

46
Q

What does RTK stand for?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases

47
Q

Why is Rat called a small G-protein?

A

Because it is not coupled to the receptor

48
Q

What kind of receptor is the insulin receptor?

A

Tyrosine kinase receptor

49
Q

Which subunits does insulin bind to in inulin receptors?

A

Alpha subunits

50
Q

What kind of dimers does Tyrosine kinase receptor have? and how many?

A

2 homodimers

51
Q

What is the SH2?

A

The modular protein domain that recognise phosphorylated tyrosine present in a specific consensus sequence

52
Q

What is PKB also called?

A

AKT

53
Q

Are the dimers of the EGF receptors always united?

A

No they have to go through dimerisation

Biochemistry (28 decks)

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