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Biochemistry > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Why do fatty acids provide a rich source of stored chemical energy for cells?

A

Because they are highly reduced

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2
Q

What are some functions of lipids?

A

Storage of energy
Structure and function of cell membrane
Signalling

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3
Q

Example of lipids in cellular membranes

A

Glycerophospholipids
Sterols

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4
Q

Example of cellular messenger lipids

A

Hormones
Electron carriers
Pigments

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5
Q

4 most common types of membrane lipids

A

Fatty acids
Glycerides
Non glyceride lipids
Complex lipids

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6
Q

2 types of fatty acids

A

Saturated
Unsaturated

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7
Q

2 types of glycerides

A

Phosphoglycerides
Neutralglycerides

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8
Q

3 non glyceride lipids

A

Sphingolipids
Steroids
Wax

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9
Q

2 types of complex lipids

A

Lipoproteins
Glycolipids

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10
Q

2 classifications of fatty acid lipids

A

Storage lipids
Membrane lipids

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11
Q

3 type of lipids that don’t contain fatty acids

A

Cholesterol
Vitamins
Pigments

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12
Q

How do many carbons do fatty acids typically contain?

A

Between 4-36

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13
Q

Which type of fatty acids have one double bond?

A

Mono saturated

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14
Q

Which type of fatty acids typically have more than one double bond?

A

Polysaturated

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15
Q

Which type of fatty acids have no double bonds?

A

Saturated

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16
Q

Why is it called omega 3 fatty acids?

A

Because the double bond is at the 3rd carbon

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17
Q

What is the omega classification used for?

A

Locating the double bond

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18
Q

How do you read C14:0 ?

A

C14= 14 carbons
0= no double bonds

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19
Q

Most common unsaturated fatty acid

A

Oleic acid (9-octadecacenoic)

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20
Q

What does the precense of cis double bonds increase in fatty acids?

A

The fluidity

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21
Q

What kinds of fatty acids cause a bend?

A

The cis

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22
Q

Which type of fatty acids are present in our bodies?

A

Cis

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23
Q

How is the solubility in water of fatty acids?

A

Poor

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24
Q

What increases the solubility of fatty acids in water?

A

Increased chain length

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25
Q

What decreases the solubility of fatty acids?

A

Decreasing the number of double bonds

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26
Q

What is the carboxylic acid group at neutral pH?

A

Polar and ionized

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27
Q

What are saturated fatty acids at room temperature?

A

Solid

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28
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids at room temperature?

A

Liquid

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29
Q

What are trans saturated fatty acids like and why?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids because the chain is straight due to the trans double bond

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30
Q

How are the saturated fatty acids packed?

A

In an orderly way

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31
Q

How are unsaturated cis fatty acids packed?

A

In an less orderly way due to the kink on the chain

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32
Q

Why type of fatty acids does it takes least thermal energy to disrupt?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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33
Q

When does solubility decrease?

A

When chain length increases

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34
Q

When does the melting point decrease?

A

When the chainlength decreases
When the number of double bonds increases

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35
Q

What happens to food when the double bond of unsaturated fatty acids are cleaved oxidatively to aldehydes and carboxylic acid

A

It becomes rancid

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36
Q

What is partial hydrogenation?

A

Profess that converts many of the cis double bonds in the fatty acid to single bonds and trans fatty acid bonds

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37
Q

Practical application of partial hydrogenation

A

Improve shelf life
Increase stability
Increase melting temperature

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38
Q

Why is it called partial hydrogenation?

A

Some cis bonds are not fully hydrogenated so they become trans fatty acids where some are fully hydrogenated into single bonds

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39
Q

What are LDL?

A

Low density lipoproteins

40
Q

What are HDL?

A

High density lipoprotein

41
Q

What negative effects do trans fatty acids have?

A

Raise the level of triaclyglycerols in the blood
Raise level of LDL (bad) cholesterol in the blood
Lower levels of HDL (good) cholesterol
Increases the body’s inflammatory response

42
Q

Which conformation is most common in fatty acids?

A

Cis

43
Q

What fatty acids are essential to human health but not produced in the body?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

44
Q

Which is the most common storage fat?

A

Triglyceride

45
Q

What does triglyceride contain?

A

3 glycerol
3 fatty acids

46
Q

Do fatty acids metabolism yield more carbon energy per carbon?

A

Yes because they are more reduce

47
Q

Why do fatty acids carry less water per gram?

A

Because they are nonpolar

48
Q

6 lipid droplet functions

A

Protection against lipotoxicity
Energy and redox homeostasis
Fatty acid channeling to mitochondria
ER and membrane homeostasis
Regulation of autophagy
Lipid mediator production
Protection against lipotoxicity

49
Q

What are the properties of membrane lipids?

A

Amphiphatic
Hydrophobic regions
Hydrophilic regions

50
Q

What do glycolipids contain as the polar end?

A

Sugars

51
Q

What are glycerophospholipids the derivative of?

A

Phosphatidic acid

52
Q

Which is the most simple phospholipid?

A

Phosphatidic

53
Q

Where are structural lipid degraded?

A

In the lysosome

54
Q

What kind of lipids are gangliosides?

A

Glycolipids

55
Q

What happens when lipids are cut down?

A

They are recycled

56
Q

What is lysosomal storage disorder?

A

When you’re missing an enzyme that cuts down lipids (gangliosides) or it is not working the lipids in the lysosome are not cut down and recycled properly causing a build-up of lipids in the lysosomes

57
Q

What contributes to neurodegeneration ?

A

Inhibition of lysosome membrane recycling as it causes accumulation of gangliosides

58
Q

What is cholesterol blades on?

A

Steroid nucleus

59
Q

General structure of cholesterol

A

4 hydrophobic rings (steroid nucleus)
Polar head (OH)
Alkyl side chsin

60
Q

What is a steroid nucleus?

A

Four fused rings

61
Q

General structure of sterols ?

A

Steroid nucleus
Hydroxyl group (polar head) in the a-ring
Various non polar side chains

62
Q

What do steroid hormones do?

A

Regulate gene expression

63
Q

What kind of structure does bile acid have?

A

Sterol

64
Q

Where is cholesterol vey important and why?

A

In the membrane
Because it.creates fluidity

65
Q

Do we synthesize ass the cholesterol we need?

A

No we need to obtain it from food

66
Q

Hare steroid hormones more polar than cholesterol?

A

Yes

67
Q

Where do steroid hormones oxidise from?

A

Sterols

68
Q

In lipid storage/Droplets what is form of cholesterol are present?

A

Cholesteryl ester

69
Q

What is found in lipids droplets?

A

Cholesteryl ethers
Triaglucerol

70
Q

What is VLDL?

A

Very low density lipoprotein

71
Q

3 types og lipoprotein particles

A

HDL, LDL AND VLDL

72
Q

What kind of linkage is are the two actors chains attached to glycerol with in ether lipids?

A

Ether linkage

73
Q

What proteins compose the lipid protein?

A

Apoprotein

74
Q

What are the functions of membranes?

A

It defined the boundaries of the cell
Allow import and export
Retain metabolites and ions within the cell
Signal relieving and sending
Provide compartmentalisation within the cell
Produce and transmit nerve signal
Store energy as a proton gradient
Support synthesis of ATP

75
Q

Is the distribution of lipids in membranes symmetric?

A

No

76
Q

What kind of molecules are membrane lipids?

A

Small amphipathic molecules

77
Q

What kind of interactions are between lipids in membranes?

A

Noncovalent

78
Q

What are micelles?

A

Spherical structures containing amphipathic molecules arranged with hydrophobic regions in the interior and hydrophilic head groups on the exterior

79
Q

When are micelle formation favoured?

A

When the cross-sectional area of the head group is greater than that of the acts side chains

80
Q

3 type of lipid formation

A

Belayer
Micelle
Vesicle (liposome)

81
Q

When does vesicle formation happen?

A

Spontaneously when a belayer sheet folds back on itself to form a hollow sphere

82
Q

What kind of movement does the fluid mosaic model allow for?

A

Lateral but not rotation

83
Q

Is transverse diffusion of lipids slow or rapid?

A

Very slow

84
Q

Is lateral diffusion of lipids rapid or slow?

A

Rapid

85
Q

What are eicosanoid?

A

Paracrine hormones, act in the area of where they are produced

86
Q

How many carbons does arachidonic acid have?

A

20 carbon acid

87
Q

What is linoleum acid?

A

An essential fatty acid (we can not synthesise it)

88
Q

What are sterols?

A

Structural lipids present in the membranes of most eukaryotic cells

89
Q

What kind of lipids are cholesterol?

A

Sterol

90
Q

What do steroid hormones regulate?

A

Gene expression

91
Q

Can we synthesise cholesterol?

A

Yes (mainly in liver)

92
Q

Which vitamins are hormone precursors?

A

A and D

93
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency leads to?

A

Defective bone formation
Disease Rickets

94
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Breaking of ester bonds making triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acids

95
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

The formation of ester bonds making glycerol and fatty acids combine to triglyceride

96
Q

How many carbons in glycerol

A

3

97
Q

How are unsaturated fatty acids named?

A

Carbons are numbered from the omega (methyl) end and then they are named accordingly: “omega 3”

Biochemistry (28 decks)

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