Signal Transduction and Second Messengers Flashcards
Mode of signaling where molecule is passed through the blood to act on distal cells at low concentrations
Endocrine
Multiplication of signal using a cascade of reactions
Signal amplification
Mode of signaling where molecules are released in extracellular fluid to be taken up by nearby cells
Paracrine
Use of juxtacrine interactions where receptors of adjacent cells come into play
Contact-dependent signaling
Receptors which receive environmental signals and polar, hydrophilic signaling molecules
Cell surface receptors
Receptors that interact with nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules that easily penetrate the plasma membrane
Intracellular receptors
Intracellular molecules that change in concentration in response to environmental signals
Second messengers
G proteins are examples of _______ which transmit signals when active and bound to GTP
Molecular switches
T/F: Module interactions allow the convergence of signaling pathways and signal interactions
TRUE
NO is an example of a ____ signal
Diffusable
Bound to NO to produce cGMP for blood vessel dilation
Guanylyl Cyclase
Mechanism by which cortisol is taken up by the cell
Intracellular receptor-mediated signal translocates cortisol to the nucleus where it binds to cortisol response elements in specific gene promoters
Three types of cell surface receptors
Ion channel-linked, enzyme-linked, and G-protein receptors
Occurs when one or more components of one signal transduction pathway affect one another
Cross-talk
Molecule activated by receptor tyrosine kinases
Phospholipase C
