Signal Transduction

Question 1

as biomedical scientists how can we help characterise cancer tissue via an ezymatic reaction on the antibodies?

Answer 1

immunostaining

Question 2

what transmambrane receptor does the Hercep test bind to?

Answer 2

HER2

Question 3

what is HER2/neu

Answer 3

HER2 is a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF)

Question 4

what is a growth factor?

Answer 4

A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation.

Question 5

name the four EGF factors

Answer 5

1. EGFR (ErbB1)
2. HER2/Neu (ErbB2)
3. HER3 (ErbB2)
4. HER4 (ErbB4)

Question 6

what is the term for a substance that promotes mitosis

Answer 6

mitogen

Question 7

name the four types of signal transduction

Answer 7

1. contact dependant
2. paracrine
3. synaptic
4. endocrine

Question 8

which type of cell transduction requires the recognition of membrane proteins and other molecules on the surfaces of adjacent cells to have direct contact with each other and specific surface molecules on plasma membranes.

Answer 8

contact dependant

Question 9

which type of cell transduction occurs in the nervous system?

Answer 9

synaptic

Question 10

which type of cell transduction is is a form of cell signaling or cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behaviour of those cells.

Answer 10

paracrine

Question 11

which type of signalling uses the bloodstream to transport chemicals to target receptors throughout the bodies tissues?

Answer 11

endocrine

Question 12

name 3 types of protein complexes/domains

Answer 12

dimers, trimeric complexes and tertamers

Question 13

What does a Tyrosine-kinase receptor do once it is activated?

Answer 13

Inactive proteins within the cell bind to the phosphorylated tyrosine residues, the phosphate is transferred to the proteins, and the proteins become active

Question 14

how is tyrosine kinase activated

Answer 14

extracellular binding of dimers cause the inactive intracellular tail of tyrosine kinase to become active and receive phosphates from the intracellular space.

Question 15

the phosphorylated tyrosine kinase residues act as docking ports for what?

Answer 15

intracellular signalling proteins with sH2 domains

Question 16

which first messenger hormones operate by interacting with transmembrane receptors and activate a second messenger system (e.g cAMP)?

Answer 16

peptide hormones

Question 17

which hormones enter the cell to interact directly with intracellular cytoplasmic receptors? (once the target cell responds, the response is recognised by the hormone producing cells through a feedback signal and the hormone is degraded)

Answer 17

steroid hormones

Question 18

what molecule is sythesised from ATP and requires the enzyme adenylate cyclase for production?

Answer 18

cAMP ( cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

Question 19

which hormones generally have a shorter half life?

Answer 19

peptide hormones (i.e epinephrine)

Question 20

Which hormones are insoluable in water and usually take longer to metabolise

Answer 20

steroid hormones

Question 21

what is the name for the type of signalling that happens when cells react to their own signals?

Answer 21

autocrine

Question 22

cortisol is an example of what type of hormone?

Answer 22

steroid hormone

Question 23

epinephrine is an example of what type of hormone?

Answer 23

peptide hormone

Question 24

insulin is an example of what type of hormone?

Answer 24

peptide hormone

Question 25

testosterone is an example of what type of hormone?

Answer 25

steroid hormone