signal transduction 1

Question 1

metab cell movement ion transport

Answer 1

effect of signal cascade in signal transduction

Question 2

effect of signal cascade in signal transduction

Answer 2

gene expression;making new proteins

Question 3

signal transduction Cells respond in a —— manner to a defined array of signals tailored to their cell type.

Answer 3

selective

Question 4

signal transduction Cells have a system of —— for transforming very — signals into very —– effects.

Answer 4

Cells have a system of amplification for transforming very small signals into very large effects.

Question 5

signal transduction Cells have a system of —– for handling numerous signals and —– different signal pathways simultaneously.

Answer 5

Cells have a system of coordination for handling numerous signals and integrating different signal pathways simultaneously.

Question 6

cross talk

Answer 6

coordination of signal transduction

Question 7

tf

Signals are made and mobilized for gradual deployment

Answer 7

Signals are made and mobilized for rapid deployment

Question 8

tf Signals have the capacity to be turned off (often rapidly).

Answer 8

T

Question 9

Tf Signals (in general) employ relatively small molecules for easy movement within onlyextracellular space.

Answer 9

F Signals (in general) employ relatively small molecules for easy movement within extracellular or intracellular space.

Question 10

Defined messages are relayed through

Answer 10

specificity of the signals

Question 11

on demand vs. premade signal

Answer 11

signal made after bidning to receptor vs vesicle with stored signal

Question 12

Reduction of signal availability (decreased concentration of first messenger) in the—— vicinity of the receptor is — and —- under certain conditions.

Answer 12

Reduction of signal availability (decreased concentration of first messenger) in the extracellular vicinity of the receptor is fast and effective under certain conditions.

Turn off capability

Question 13

reduction of the functional availability of receptors

Answer 13

Receptor desensitization

Question 14

2 ways to Receptor desensitization

Answer 14

Receptor inactivation through structural modification

Receptor down-regulation (internalization and degradation)

Question 15

down regulation of receptor

Answer 15

1 ligand sent to endosome and degrades, receptor recycled

receptor internalization

2 Ligand receptor send to endosome then lysosome and degraded. receptor degradation

Question 16

Direct physical contact between sender and target cells  Juxtacrine

endocrine

paracrine

synaptic

Answer 16

juxtacrine

Question 17

gap junction and surface receptor int.

Answer 17

ex of Juxtacrine

Question 18

have low ; high binding affinity

with short RaNGE

Answer 18

paracrine and autocrine

Question 19

endocrne and synaptic

Answer 19

low binding affinity

Question 21

tf endocrine has short range and synaptic has long range

Answer 21

F

end. has long range

synaptic has short range

Question 22

target is neighbor cells vs distant cells

Answer 22

paracrine ; endocrine

Question 23

adjacent cells vs same cell target

Answer 23

juxtcrine vs autocrine

Question 24

gf and cytokines

Answer 24

ex of paracccrine and autocrine signals

Question 25

rapid on/off ; very rapid on; off

Answer 25

paracrine and autocrine

Question 26

tf autocrine has slow on/off responce

Answer 26

F rapid

endocrine is slow

Question 27

receptor inact

structure inact

Answer 27

turn off capability

Question 28

1;6

Answer 28

connexon; connexin

Question 29

connexin

Answer 29

4 transmembrane domains , 3 cysteines/loop,and 2 extracellular loops

Question 30

purpose of loop in 1 connexin

Answer 30

aid in connexon-connexon docking

Question 31

Specialized cells in glandular tissues

Answer 31

endocrine sender cells

Question 32

cells in various tissues

Answer 32

snedor in autocrine paracrine

Question 33

sender; cells in most body tissue

Answer 33

juxtacrine