short term memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli after the information is no longer present

Question 2

Patient H.M.

Answer 2

Had surgery with removal of medial temporal lobes

Did not have long term memory but had intact stm after surgery

Question 3

The Atkinson-Shiffrin modal model

Answer 3

1)Incoming information flows first into sensory memory(visual,auditory,less than a second)

2)sensory information -> short term memory

**model proposes the only way to maintain information is through rehearsal or information is lost

3)short memory goes through control processes and in some cases trasnferred into LTM(greater than seconds)

Question 4

Sperling, whole report method-array of letters flashed very quickly on screen

Answer 4

whole report participants asked to report as many letters they could see

could remember less than 50% of letters

Question 5

partial report method

Answer 5

at test participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report(did not know in advance which tone)

High pitch tone (first row), medium pitch(middle row), low pitch (last row)

particpants could report any of the rows that were cued

Question 6

conclusion from whole report and partial report

Answer 6

sensory memory decays so quickly that although participants encoded all the material, it decayed too quickly when reporting

Question 7

delayed partial report

Answer 7

presentation of tone delayed for a second after the letters were extinguished

*performance decreased rapidly

Question 8

Conclusion from report methods

Answer 8

You remember not that much in whole report, remember a lot in partial, and don’t remember at all in delayed report

**most information is registered in STM but fades away very quickly

Question 9

Short term memory capacity

Answer 9

Miller: around 7 items
**Limit is not an absolute amount of information (or number of digits) but rather a limit to the number of unique concepts that can be held active

Question 10

chunking

Answer 10

breaking information into smaller bits–is an essential tool for controlling our short term memory and using it effectively to temporarily store as much information as possible

Question 11

short term memory duration

Answer 11

Brown and peterson determined 20 seconds

*wanted to test if u remove rehearsing how long will info stay in STM

3 conditions:
1)display of 3 letters, participants asked to recall 3 letters(100% accuracy)

2)delay of 20 seconds, participants still good at recalling because they are rehearsing in their head

3)prevent participants from rehearsing by giving tricky task during 20 sec delay
**after 20 sec will not remember the letters they saw, but shorten to 7 sec they will be able to remember

Conclusion:short term memory duration is under a minute

Question 12

issues with atkinson model

Answer 12

-overemphasizes rehearsal

-overemphasize notion of storage

-too simple

Question 13

How did short term memory -> working memory

Answer 13

working memory is more appropriate to reflect the fact we hold info in our mind but we also manipulate it

Question 14

working memory

Answer 14

limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of infromation for complex tasks

Question 15

Baddely and Hitch

Answer 15

1)central executive as attention controller(what we give our attention to in working memory)
**suppresses irrelevant info
**without central executive perseveration occurs: repeatedly performing the same action even if its not achieving the desired goal

2)phonological loop stores verbal information

3)visuospatial sketchpad stores visual including spatial infromation

Question 16

cortex responsible for working memory

Answer 16

prefrontal cortex

Question 17

Baddely was not satisfied with the model and added

Answer 17

episodic buffer-communicates with LTM and working memory (pulls info from LTM)

Question 18

working memory is a

Answer 18

network of brain regions that all send and receive info to and from prefrontal cortex

**not one part of brain resposible for wm

Question 19

response of neurons in prefrontal cortex in monkeys

Answer 19

square flashed at particular position, causing neuron respond

square turns off, but neuron continues to respond during delay

fixation goes off, monkeys demonstrates its memory for the location of square by moving its eyes to where it was

Question 20

damage to prefrontal cortex

Answer 20

leads to deficit in working memory

Question 21

active silent working memory

Answer 21

activity state:information to be remembered causes neurons to fire

synaptic state:neuron firing stops, but connections between neurons are still strengthened

activity associated with the memory is the connections that have been strengthed between neuron in network during synpatic state

Question 22

Dysexecutive syndrome

Answer 22

inability to think or plan, damage to prefrontal