encoding, storing,retrieval

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

intial acquisition into memory

Question 2

consolidation:

Answer 2

maintaining the newly formed memory

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

reactivating the memory

Question 4

Levels of processing

Answer 4

Memory is better when information is encoded more deeply

Shallow processing:little attention to meaning focus on physical features

Deep processing:close attention to meaning

Question 5

Other ways to aid encoding

Answer 5

1)visual imagery
2)self imagery
3)organizing to be remembered info (ie chunking)
4)survival value relating (emotional content is better remembered)

Question 6

Ways to aid retrieval

Answer 6

keep retrieval context similar to studying context via environment and mood

**Youre binding the stimuli to the context, context can get you back to the material

Question 7

consolidation

Answer 7

Transform new memories from fragile state to more permanent state

Question 8

2 types of consolidation

Answer 8

Synaptic consolidation
Systems consolidation:

Question 9

Synaptic consolidation:

Answer 9

rapid, occurs at synapses

Question 10

systems consolidation

Answer 10

gradual, reorganization of neural circuits (on a much larger time scale)

Question 11

systems consolidation theory 1: standard model of consolidation(based on retrograde amnesia)

Answer 11

*hippocampus is involved in encoding all declarative memories

a)Connections between cortex and hippocampus are initially strong and connections between cortical areas are weak

b)As time passes connections between hippocampus and cortical areas become weaker

c)Then connections between cortical areas become stronger

Question 12

Graded Amnesia(linear loss)(standard model)

Answer 12

memory for recent events is more fragile than for remote events. Some studies suggest that patients with amnesia have graded memory loss

Question 13

explanation for graded amnesia

Answer 13

because if the hippocampus is involved in initial portion(days,weeks) after you encoded something, then damage to that structure is going to impair those memories

**newer memories haven’t made their way over to the cortex, damage to hippocampus affects new memory

New memories impaired, old memories spared

Question 14

Theory 2: Multiple trace model of consolidation

Answer 14

Hippocampus is involved in encoding of all declarative memories but its involvement fades with time only for semantic memories, the hippocampus continue to be involved for episodic memories

Question 15

mutiple trace model

Answer 15

Connections between hippocampus and cortex are initially strong, intracortical connections are weak

As time passes, intracortical connections strengthen, and hippocampal cortical connections remain, but only for episodic memories

Semantic memories do what the standard model says, they move over to cortex

Episodic memories always rely on hippocampus

Question 16

What about fMRI evidence?

Answer 16

multi voxel pattern analysis

Conclusion:hippocampus involved in recent and remote memories

Question 17

Reconsolidation

Answer 17

Retrieved memories become fragile and are consolidated(made more permanent) again->reconsolidation

Question 18

Reconsolidation in animal models(Nader et al 2000)

Answer 18

Fear conditioning task on rats(pairing a tone with a shock)

What happens if the rat is injected with protein synthesis inhibitor-anisomycin (injected with protein because consolidation involves the making of new proteins that lead to changes in synapse)

third condition:
day 1: pairing shock with tone
day 2: reactivate memory on day 2 by presenting tone/shock, then inject protein inhibitor
day 3: no freezing, youre opening up the encoding window, so the memory becomes reactivated and in fragile state

Question 19

reconsolidation in humans

Answer 19

Both groups get a list on day 1(monday) that they need to learn(need to get 20 objects to place in a blue basket)

Both groups given a second task on day 2(wednesday) they need to do (get 20 objects to place on table)

On day 2 reminder group gets a reminder of the list of object from day 1 just before list B(second task)

On day 3 (friday) they come back into lab and they’re asked to recall only list A

Reminder group who were given a reminder of list A had more intrusions from list B

Reminder of list A, opened up reconsolidation window and let list B items in

Question 20

possbility a for human study

Answer 20

the reminder of A opened up the memory for reconsolidation, allowing B information in

Question 21

Possibility B(temporal context model)

Answer 21

list a information and list b information are stored as separate memory traces but they share a “context” so when asked to recall list A, one reactivates A’s context and that in turn reactivates list B(nothing to do with reconsolidation)

**context being in the same room and evironments when asked to remember the lists

Question 22

reconsolidation trauma study

Answer 22

1.particpants reactivated a trauma memory

2. drug administered to block amygdala stress receptors while reconsolidation of the memory is taking place;control group receives placebo

3.one week later, reactivation of same memory=lower stress responses in the group injected with drug that block stress receptor