autobiographical memory

Question 1

autobiographical memory vs lab memory experiment

Answer 1

In one condition, Had participants take pictures of campus, in another condition they had same participants sit in a lab and encode photographs taken by other people

Question 2

results of lab vs autobiographical study

Answer 2

Results:both types of photos (own and other) activated similar brain structures
1)medial temporal lobe (episodic)
2)parietal lobe(processing of scenes)

Own photos showed more activation in:
1)prefrontal cortex(info about self)
2)hippocampus (recollection)

Question 3

quantitative difference

Answer 3

some regions of the same regions are more activated for own picture vs others

Question 4

interpretations

Answer 4

1)autobiographical memories evoke richer experiences

2)lots of similarities between autobiographical and lab, theres just a stronger pattern for own memories

Question 5

The autobiographical interview (levine et al, 2002)

Answer 5

Had participants take video throughout the day and then asked about their memory for the day, pictures were useful to make sure its accurate

**“Tell me everything you remember”

**We can code if the narrative is episodic or some of its semantic

Question 6

The Constructive nature of memory

Answer 6

memory=what actually happens+person’s knowledge,experiences, and expectations)

Question 7

Schema:

Answer 7

knowledge about some aspect of the environment

Question 8

Script

Answer 8

:conception of sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience

Question 9

Schemas and scripts influence memory

Answer 9

Can have positive and negative effects

Memory can include information not actually experienced but inferred because it is expected and consistent with the schema

Question 10

Source memory:

Answer 10

determining origins of our memory

Question 11

Source monitoring error

Answer 11

misidentifying source of a given memory

Question 12

Cryptomnesia

Answer 12

unconscious plagiarism of another’s work due to a lack of recognition of its original source

Question 13

Jacob and co workers (1989)
famous or non famous experiment

Answer 13

Participants given a list of non famous names that they previously studied and new non famous names they haven’t seen

Participants tested right away were good at distinguishing non famous names from famous names

After delay of 24 hours, some of the old non-famous names were misidentified as famous

Question 14

explanation of famous non famous task

Answer 14

some non-famous names were familiar and the participants misattributed the source of the familiarity
**Failed to identity the source as the list that had been read the previous day

Question 15

pros of constructive memory

Answer 15

allows us to fill in the blanks

Cognition is creative

Understand language

Solve problems

Make decisions

Question 16

Cons:

Answer 16

Memory errors
Eyewitness implications

Question 17

What type of events do we remembers well?

Answer 17

Transition points(when changes happen)

Highly emotional events (next class)

Question 18

Reminiscence bump:

Answer 18

we remember more about events from adolescence and early adulthood than any other time

Question 19

Explanations for reminiscence bump

Answer 19

1)self-image:period of assuming persons self image

2)cognitive:encoding is better during periods of rapid change

3)cultural life script:culturally shared expectations structure recall

Question 20

Future bump

Answer 20

In other words, kids preferred early adult period even when thinking about their future

Question 21

caveats to future bump

Answer 21

Variants in what reminiscence bump is going to look like depending on how memory is cued

if you cue people with odors, you get early bump

Question 22

Errors in eyewitness testimony

Answer 22

1)errors due to attention
**weapon focus

2)errors due to familiarity(source monitoring deficit)

3)errors due to suggestion

Question 23

Misinformation effect(suggest):

Answer 23

misleading information presented after someone witnesses an event can change how that person later describes the event

how fast were the cars going?
“Smash” group much more likely to report faster speed and the presence of broken glass

Question 24

gun man study and experimenter saying “ok”

Answer 24

Conclusion: the type of feedback from experimenter influenced subject’s confidence in their identification with confirming feedback resulting in the highest confidence

Question 25

Suggestion: Implanting false memories study

Answer 25

hot air balloon study

Question 26

Suggestion: implementing false memories Shaw et al(video)

Answer 26

Convinced 70% of participants that they committed a crime
Researchers gave believable evidence such as friends names
Gave scenario where it was easily imaginable
Had participants repeatedly think of the event by spacing each session

Question 27

How can we make memory more trustworthy?

Answer 27

1)inform witness that perpetrator might not be in lineup

2)use fillers in lineup similar to suspect

3)police should be masked

4)obtain confidence rating early

5)improve interviewing techniques
**dont use leading questions

Question 28

Flashbulb memory:

Answer 28

:memory for circumstance surrounding shocking, highly charged important events

Question 29

flashbulb memories can change over time

Answer 29

Details remembered decreased for both flashbulb and everyday memories, belief in accuracy and vividness also decreased for everyday memories but remain high for flashbulb

Question 30

why does flashbulb memory change with time?

Answer 30

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Question 31

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Answer 31

Repeated viewing/hearing of event

Could introduce errors in own memory by hearing the event and rehearsing it/remember it and distorting the event

Question 32

we remember ____ images better than neutral ones

Answer 32

emotional

Question 33

Multiple Mechanisms for remembering emotional stimuli

Answer 33

1)attention:emotion changes the focus of attention
**central vs peripheral tradeoff hypothesis
**Weapon focus effect

2)consolidation
*emotion protects memories from forgetting

3)rehearsal
*emotional memories are strongly rehearsed

Question 34

What happens in brain when we encode emotional experiences

Answer 34

amygdala important

Question 35

Fear conditioning in rats(tone and shock)

Answer 35

Conditioning:conditioned response produced in response to conditioned stimulus that has been paired with emotion-evoking unconditioned stimulus

Question 36

Fear generalization:

Answer 36

fear response acquired to a particular stimulus transfers to another stimulus

*maladaptive