long term memory

Question 1

what is long term memory

Answer 1

Archive of information about past events and knowledge learned

storage from a few moments ago to as far as one can remember

Question 2

evidence between STM AND LTM

Answer 2

-serial position data
-neuropsychological data

Question 3

serial position curve

Answer 3

-graph is u-shaped
**particpants remember words at the beginning of the list (primacy effect)
and end of list pretty well (recency effect)

**participants use rehearsal to memorize list and repeat the first word over and over

Question 4

Why is memory better for stimuli presented at the beginning of the list(primacy)

Answer 4

rehearsal(more likely to enter long term memory)

Question 5

Why is memory better for stimuli presented at end of list(recency)

Answer 5

Stimuli still in short term memory

**recency dissapears if there’s a delay between encoding and retrieval

Question 6

neuropsychlogical data: Patient HM

Answer 6

Medial temporal lobe removed bilaterally including hippocampus

severe LTM problems, intact STM,

no trouble with language or motor tasks (could do digit span task)

Question 7

Lessons from HM

Answer 7

1)there is distinctions between STM and LTM

**Clive and HM have STM intact, but impaired LTM

Question 8

patient KF

Answer 8

difficulty with short-term memory (digit span) but intact long term memory (accident;damaged parietal lobe)

how? similarities in coding between STM and LTM

Question 9

coding

Answer 9

Coding:the form in which stimuli are represented “in the mind”

Question 10

3 types of coding for STM AND LTM

Answer 10

1)visual
2)auditory
3)semantic

Question 11

short term coding(fruits experiment)

Answer 11

proactive interference in fruits group—(information from the past disrupts current processing and is a major source of confusion and errors in short term memory)

Coding in a semantic way, they are semantically related so its hard to keep it all in your mind

professions group had release from proactive interference

Question 12

Other Caveats

Answer 12

Under some circumstances, some patients with damage to hippocampus have damage to short term memory tasks

**Hippocampus is active during the delay of a short term memory task, particularly when stimuli is novel

Question 13

Lesson 2 from H.M.

Answer 13

Episodic vs semantic memory

When H.M. was asked about his past, he could remember facts about himself and the world(semantic memory) but could not remember any specific events(episodic memory)

**Suggests that damage to the hippocampus affects episodic memory but less so semantic memory

Question 14

in healthy brain

Answer 14

semantic and episodic memory are intact… but they can dissociate after brain injury

Question 15

retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Answer 15

both co occur (happen at same time)

Question 16

Lesson 3 from HM

Answer 16

explicit(delcarative) memory includes both episodic and semantic memory

implicit memory include procedural, priming, and conditioning

Question 17

hm retro and anterograde amnesia

Answer 17

hm cant remember events from past(retro)

hm cant form new episodic memories after surgery either(antero)

hm can learn a little bit of semantic knowledge but its very difficult

Question 18

Anterograde memory:

Answer 18

cant make new episodic memories

**Amnesic anterograde patients have a hard time learning new facts(semantic) but they can learn some by repeating it over and over

Question 19

Retrograde amnesia(presurgery)

Answer 19

episodic memories impaired

In retrograde amnesia semantic memory is intact

Question 20

How time affects memories

Answer 20

Forgetting increases with longer intervals after encoding(the more time has passed), but we dont forget everything but the way we remember information changes over time

Question 21

remember/know procedure

Answer 21

“Knowing experience” you know the person, but you cant recall how u know the person(sense of familiarity)

“Remembering experience”: you know the person and you remember how you know them

Question 22

experiemnt of know/remember/dont remember on 50 yr olds

Answer 22

*As time passes you get more “don’t know” response

“Remember” responses decrease as well as “know” responses, but more decrease in remember responses

***Memories become semanticized over time, loss of episodic detail in long ago events

Question 23

developmental amnesia

Answer 23

very early in life occurs due to oxygen loss in the brain causing a reduced volume size of hippocampus during birth (pre or perinatal)

*Does Not affect surrounding areas besides hippocampus such as amygdala, medial temporal lobe cortices

*intact semantic knowledge

*dont have episodic memory, they do fine on MC tests bc they tap into recogntion memory (their recognition memory seems be based on sense of familiarity and not on recollection)

Question 24

testing developmental amnesic patients on “know” paradigm

Answer 24

If you ask a patient with developmental amnesia whether they recollect, its hard for them to answer because its based on subjective experience

**they cant recall the encoding context(only familiarity)

Question 25

developmental amnesiac patents only have

Answer 25

anterograde amnesia(since they were born with it)

they have intact semantic knowledge

Question 26

2 reasons to explain why developmental amnesiacs only have anterograde amnesia and intact semantic knowledge

Answer 26

1)developmental amnesia occurs very early in life, and because of plasticity other parts of brain are able to compensate for damage to hippocampus

2)damage is only on the hippocampus and not other parts of the brain

Question 27

What is Implicit memory?

Answer 27

procedural, priming, conditioning

Question 28

procedural memories are

Answer 28

skill memories

no memory of where or when learned

Question 29

People who cannot form new LTMs can still learn

Answer 29

new skills (patient H.M., Clive Wearing)

Question 30

Mirror tracing task:

Answer 30

A healthy control is placed in front of mirror, their job is to trace a star without looking down at paper, only in mirror

Patient HM has no episodic memory for doing the task, but his performance gets better over time, therefore he learns

Question 31

Priming

Answer 31

Priming occurs when presentation of a stimulus changes a person’s response to a test stimulus

Question 32

repetition priming

Answer 32

Test stimulus the same or similar to priming stimulus

Read and rate words. Next recall words (explicit memory task) and complete a stem completion task (implicit memory task that asks patients to fill in the rest of the word when given the first letter of each word)

b)amnesic patients did as well as the other patients on the implicit memory test (completing three-letter word stems)

Question 33

Priming in everyday life:
propaganda effect

Answer 33

more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true

**Involves implicit memory because it can occur when people are not aware of previously seeing or hearing statement

Question 34

Classical conditioning and implicit memory in amnesic patients

Answer 34

Pairing a tone with a shock, later the tone alone triggers fear related or physiological behaviors

Patients with amnesia show intact forms of classical conditioning

Still show skin conductance and sweating responses(conditioned response) without explicit memory of ever hearing the tone, shock, or seeing experimenters