Neuroanatomy

Question 1

first layer of CNS protection

Answer 1

First layer of protection for the brain is the bone

Question 2

Second layer of protection is

Answer 2

meninges

Question 3

Meninges Composed of 3 layers

Answer 3

1st layer)Dura matter

2nd layer)Arachnoid Mater

Between arachnoid matter and pia matter is (CSF fluid, cerebro-spinal)
Provides a cushion kind of support for the spine(protection from injury)
Provides a medium of transport for nutrients

3rd layer)Pia matter (immediately covering nervous tissue)

DA(c)P

Question 4

Meningitis

Answer 4

inflammation of the meninges and the CSF of the brain and spinal cord

Question 5

Central Nervous system (CNS)

Answer 5

Brain
Spinal cord

Question 6

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 6

Information your body wants to send back to the CNS is through the nerves of PNS

Question 7

Sensory afferent

Answer 7

coming from the external)

Question 8

Motor efferent

Answer 8

send back orders to the organ

Question 9

2 types of motor efferent systems in the PNS

Answer 9

Automatic Nervous system
Somatic NS

Question 10

Automatic Nervous System

Answer 10

non-voluntary control

Question 11

2 types of ANS

Answer 11

Sympathetic NS(prepare the body for intense physical activity(fight or flight))

Parasympathetic NS(relax the body and inhibit/slow down many high energy functions(rest and digest)

Question 12

Somatic NS

Answer 12

voluntary control

Question 13

Brain cerebral hemisphere

Answer 13

superior(top view)
anterior(front view)
posterior(back view)

Question 14

coronal plane

Answer 14

cut vertically

Question 15

horiztonal (transverse)plane

Answer 15

cut across horizontally

Question 16

sagittal plane

Answer 16

divides brain into left and right hemisphere

Question 17

grey matter

Answer 17

nerve cell bodies

Question 18

white matter

Answer 18

nerve cell axons

Question 19

blood supply

Answer 19

brain cannot stand more than 3 second of lack of blood

Blood supply provides nutrients and oxygens to brain

Question 20

Iscehmic

Answer 20

blockage in blood vessel

Question 21

Hemorrhagic

Answer 21

burst of blood vesse

Question 22

Dendrites

Answer 22

input areas that receive signals from other neurons

Question 23

Cell body

Answer 23

integrates signals from dendrites

Question 24

Axon

Answer 24

transmit signals to other neurons

Question 25

How do neurons communicate with each other?

Nerve net theory

Answer 25

Camillo Golgi

Signals could be transmitted throughout the net in all directions

golgi stain:shows the shape of neurons

Question 26

How do neurons communicate?
Neuron Doctrine

Answer 26

Ramon y Cajall used golgi technique on newborn animals

He discovered that neurons are separated by a teeny tiny space

Did not know how the neurons communicate but Suspected that dendrites were input and the axons were output

Question 27

importance of Cajal

Answer 27

Cajal knew neurons transmitted a signal but did not know how

We now know that neurons communicate through electrical and chemical signaling

Microelectrodes were used to discover the electrical properties of signal communication, introducing the action potential

Neurons contain neurotransmitters, chemical substances that cross a synapse to affect the activity of another neuron

Question 28

How do we relate neural communication to our experiences

Answer 28

Increasing the intensity of a stimulus increases the rate of nerve firing

Different neurons are responsible for different kinds of experiences

Question 29

Hubel and Wiesal

Answer 29

present visual stimuli to cats(different bars)

Each neuron(feature detector) in the visual cortex responded to a specific feature of a stimulus(ie:orientation, movement)

After being reared with only the visual stimuli of vertical stripes, kittens batted at a moving vertical stick but ignored horizontal ones

Conclusion:perception is determined by neurons that fire to the specific qualities of a stimulus

Question 30

Frontal lobe

Answer 30

enables a person to plan and perform actions

Question 31

Temporal lobe

Answer 31

language,auditory processing, memory

Question 32

Parietal lobe

Answer 32

processes sensory information

Question 33

Occipital lobe

Answer 33

visual info

Question 34

hierarchical processing

Answer 34

Progression from lower to higher brain areas

Question 35

Specificity coding

Answer 35

certain neurons only respond to one specific object( less supported, we have stepped away from this idea)

Question 36

Population coding

Answer 36

representation of an object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons

Question 37

Sparse coding:

Answer 37

representation of an object by firing of only a small group of neurons

Question 38

Franz joseph gall

Answer 38

found different areas of the cortex are specialized for different functions

He Developed a technique called phrenology: he used skull measurements to predict an individual’s personality and abilities(now incorrect)

Question 39

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 39

production of speech impaired, comprehension intact

Question 40

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 40

comprehension impaired, but production of speech fine

Question 41

(functional connectivity)

Answer 41

structurally connected and they function in sync(broca and wernickes)

Question 42

Degeneracy

Answer 42

You have multiple brain structures that contribute to one function(ie:if you think about autobiographical retrieval)

There could be multiple structures in a network that contribute to one function
If the network is damaged, a different set of regions(latent(hidden) pathways) will now contribute to that function

Question 43

Pluripotentiality

Answer 43

One structure contributes to multiple functions