Neuroanatomy Flashcards
first layer of CNS protection
First layer of protection for the brain is the bone
Second layer of protection is
meninges
Meninges Composed of 3 layers
1st layer)Dura matter
2nd layer)Arachnoid Mater
Between arachnoid matter and pia matter is (CSF fluid, cerebro-spinal)
Provides a cushion kind of support for the spine(protection from injury)
Provides a medium of transport for nutrients
3rd layer)Pia matter (immediately covering nervous tissue)
DA(c)P
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges and the CSF of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous system (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Information your body wants to send back to the CNS is through the nerves of PNS
Sensory afferent
coming from the external)
Motor efferent
send back orders to the organ
2 types of motor efferent systems in the PNS
Automatic Nervous system
Somatic NS
Automatic Nervous System
non-voluntary control
2 types of ANS
Sympathetic NS(prepare the body for intense physical activity(fight or flight))
Parasympathetic NS(relax the body and inhibit/slow down many high energy functions(rest and digest)
Somatic NS
voluntary control
Brain cerebral hemisphere
superior(top view)
anterior(front view)
posterior(back view)
coronal plane
cut vertically
horiztonal (transverse)plane
cut across horizontally
sagittal plane
divides brain into left and right hemisphere
grey matter
nerve cell bodies
white matter
nerve cell axons
blood supply
brain cannot stand more than 3 second of lack of blood
Blood supply provides nutrients and oxygens to brain
Iscehmic
blockage in blood vessel
Hemorrhagic
burst of blood vesse
Dendrites
input areas that receive signals from other neurons
Cell body
integrates signals from dendrites
Axon
transmit signals to other neurons
How do neurons communicate with each other?
Nerve net theory
Camillo Golgi
Signals could be transmitted throughout the net in all directions
golgi stain:shows the shape of neurons
How do neurons communicate?
Neuron Doctrine
Ramon y Cajall used golgi technique on newborn animals
He discovered that neurons are separated by a teeny tiny space
Did not know how the neurons communicate but Suspected that dendrites were input and the axons were output
importance of Cajal
Cajal knew neurons transmitted a signal but did not know how
We now know that neurons communicate through electrical and chemical signaling
Microelectrodes were used to discover the electrical properties of signal communication, introducing the action potential
Neurons contain neurotransmitters, chemical substances that cross a synapse to affect the activity of another neuron
How do we relate neural communication to our experiences
Increasing the intensity of a stimulus increases the rate of nerve firing
Different neurons are responsible for different kinds of experiences
Hubel and Wiesal
present visual stimuli to cats(different bars)
Each neuron(feature detector) in the visual cortex responded to a specific feature of a stimulus(ie:orientation, movement)
After being reared with only the visual stimuli of vertical stripes, kittens batted at a moving vertical stick but ignored horizontal ones
Conclusion:perception is determined by neurons that fire to the specific qualities of a stimulus
Frontal lobe
enables a person to plan and perform actions
Temporal lobe
language,auditory processing, memory
Parietal lobe
processes sensory information
Occipital lobe
visual info
hierarchical processing
Progression from lower to higher brain areas
Specificity coding
certain neurons only respond to one specific object( less supported, we have stepped away from this idea)
Population coding
representation of an object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons
Sparse coding:
representation of an object by firing of only a small group of neurons
Franz joseph gall
found different areas of the cortex are specialized for different functions
He Developed a technique called phrenology: he used skull measurements to predict an individual’s personality and abilities(now incorrect)
Broca’s Aphasia
production of speech impaired, comprehension intact
Wernicke’s aphasia
comprehension impaired, but production of speech fine
(functional connectivity)
structurally connected and they function in sync(broca and wernickes)
Degeneracy
You have multiple brain structures that contribute to one function(ie:if you think about autobiographical retrieval)
There could be multiple structures in a network that contribute to one function
If the network is damaged, a different set of regions(latent(hidden) pathways) will now contribute to that function
Pluripotentiality
One structure contributes to multiple functions
