Short Answers + Long Answer Flashcards
Nature v Nurture
Nature = genetics
Nurture = how you’re brought up, environmental
sensitive v critical
critical: time where particular type of development for growth MUST HAPPEN
Sensitive Period: time period where something might develop, but could happen later
Dependent + independent variable
what depends on what
ID: introduced to see what affect is has on its dependent variable
DV: changed as a result
Dependent Variable DEPENDS on INDEPENDT VARIABLE
Affordance
something in the environment that…..
indicates what?
action we do is based on this ____
this ____
based on what?
Stimulus
any what? that does what?
whether _____ or ____
A: It is a clue in the environment that indicates direct action – with no stimulus involved. (ex: button to push, handle for pulling)
And the action we do because of this affordance – the clue – is based on our past experiences, our perception, our age, our current development.
S: any object, event, or factor that elicits a sensory or behavioral response in an organism, whether internal or external
Correlation v Causation
correlation: Relationship between two variables
if s/t happens to one
will affect the other variable
correlation does not equal causation
phenotype v genotype
pheno = physical traits
geno = genetic makeup
still face technique
how does baby respond
1) what does baby try to do w/ caregiver
2) the baby will feel ___ and start to ____
3) the baby might ____ from the caregiver, signaling what?
Is when a caregiver is interacting with a baby normally and then all of a sudden the caregiver puts on a straight face while making eye contact with the baby.The baby is able to realize the change in tone of the caregiver’s face and usually respond a few ways.
1- The baby tries to re-engage the caregiver through sounds or movements
2- The baby might get frustrated and start fuss and cry
3- The baby might gaze away from the caregiver signaling that they don’t care anymore
Visual Cliff
what is it
what does it test
how child responds depends on what
Is when there is what looks to be a drop from one surface to another, but really there isn’t it just an illusion. A visual cliff experiment tests a baby’s depth perception.
How the child responds depends on their past experiences.
Romanian Orphanagae
why imp?
In Romania they had orphanages that wouldn’t tend to children’s needs, their children were very much neglected. There was a lack of nutrition, stimulation, and social interaction. Why is this important? Because we see from these orphanages neglecting what a child needs during their development stages is proven from here to lead to many delays in a child’s cognitive and motor development.
Personality
mix of
develops and evolves when
Personality is a mix of both temperament and a child’s experiences. Develops and evolves overtime as a child interacts with their environment.
Temperament
influenced by…
a set of…
instrumental in the ….
it is the way a child….
influenced by a child’s biological facts (their genetics).
a set of in-born traits that organize the child’s approach to the world.
They are instrumental in the development of the child’s distinct personality.
It is the way a child REGULATES his emotions
Five Dimensions of Personality
Extraversion
what does this trait include?
HIGH
LOW
deermines how what a child is
This trait includes characteristics such as excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressiveness.
People who are high in extroversion are outgoing and tend to gain energy in social situations. People who are low in extroversion (introverted) are more reserved.
How social a child is or isn’t
Five Dimensions of Personality
Agreeableness
HIGH
LOW
How selfless a child is, how much a child cares for others, if a child is kind or not
People who are high in agreeableness tend to be more cooperative
while those low in this trait tend to be more competitive and even manipulative.
Five Dimensions of Personality
Openness
HIGH
LOW
How curious and creative a child is or isn’t and if a child likes or dislikes new experiences, if the child uses imagination
Those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests. People who are high in this trait tend to be more adventurous and creative.
People low in this trait are often much more traditional and may struggle with abstract thinking.
Five Dimensions of Personality
Conscientiousness
HIGH
LOW
How organized a child is and if a child likes to/pushes through something that is hard for them to do. Common features of this dimension include high levels of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors.
Those high in conscientiousness tend to be organized and mindful of details.
Five Dimensions of Personality
Neuroticism
HIGH
LOW
How moody, anxious, and self conscious a child is or isn’t
Individuals high in this trait tend to experience emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability, and sadness.
Those low in this trait tend to be more stable and emotionally resilient.
Conservation definition
example
Studied by Jean Piaget. Conservation is that an amount stays the same even if the appearance changes. Conservation allows us to understand harder concepts.
Example: transferring water from a tall skinny cup to a wider shorter cup, the amount of water stayed the same even though the appearance changed.
Baurinds says there are 4 types of parenting styles: what are they and what are the kids’ outcomes? Compare and contrast. .
1- Permissive
child outcome:
Whatever you want” rarely gives rules, they are warm but struggle to set boundaries
Child outcome: more likely to struggle with self control and to engage in not smart behaviors
Baurinds says there are 4 types of parenting styles: what are they and what are the kids’ outcomes? Compare and contrast. .
2- Authoritative:
Child outcome:
“Let’s discuss this” the parents set strong boundaries, yet are still there for their children’s needs and to hear their opinions
Child outcome: Higher self of esteem, better in school and at making social connections, able to control emotions well.
Baurinds says there are 4 types of parenting styles: what are they and what are the kids’ outcomes? Compare and contrast. .
3- Authoritarian:
Child Outcome:
“because i said so!” Very strict with a lot of rules,no room for discussion, parents expect obedience and punish their children often
Child outcome: more likely to have mental health issues, harder for them to control emotions
Baurinds says there are 4 types of parenting styles: what are they and what are the kids’ outcomes? Compare and contrast. .
4- Neglectful
child outcome
“I don’t care”emotionally and physically detached from their children, children’s needs are often not provided
Child outcome: likely to have social and behavioral problems
The criticism of Baumrind’s 4 parenting styles are
1) too broad of categories
2) she doesn’t recognize context and cultural factors - lack of economic and cultural diversity
3) doesn’t mention how a child will react to this types of parents
4) lack of insight and authoritan parents showing love
5) daily attitudes not daily interaction
