Chapter One Flashcards
what is the “science” of human development?
A science seeks to understand how and why people (all kinds of ppl, everywhere, of every age)
change or remain the same over time
How do we go about studying Human development scientifically?
(6 STEPS)
1) Theory (question, curiosity based on s/t we know)
2) Hypothesis (turn our question into something that is testable)
3) Empirical evidence (im gonna test this hypothesis through observable verifiable date)
4) CONCLUSION (Based on evidence I will come I will prove my hypothesis either true or false)
5) Result (gonna report them)
6) Verification (repeat again)
SIDS Study
Sudden Infant death syndrome
Three Basic Types of Research Designs
Observation
The Experiement
The Survey
Observation
Limitations
requires the researcher to record the behavior systematically and objectively
Tells you what is happening now
doesnt tell you cause
How to conduct an experiment
1) Divide participants into two groups (that are matched on imp charateristics, especially behavior that is the deoendnt variable on which this study is focused)
2) give the indepent variable to the experimental group
3) compare the groups on the depednt varibale
if they differ bc of the independt variable
4) publish the results
Experiment limitations
has to be very consistent
The Experiment
what does it cause
Independent variable
dependent variable
how to know which is what
causes relationships among variables
manipulates variables
Independent Variable - introduced to see what affect is has on its dependent variable
(ex: playing music in background)
Dependent Variable- changed as a result (either improved studying or worsened it)
Dependent Variable DEPENDS on INDEPENDT VARIABLE
Added components for human study
Cross- Sectional Research
Longitudinal Research
Cohort Sequential Research
Survey
how to
Problems:
collect info from large amount of ppl (interview them, ask questions, telephone call)
Problem: Answers are influenced by wording and sequence of the Questions
- some ppl lie or change their mind
- valid data difficult to gather in survey
Cross- Sectional Research
when groups of similar ppl of one age
are compared to groups of similar ppl similar age
- change because of ages
Longitudinal Research
collecting data on same indiviudals as they age
- change bc of passage of time
Cohort Sequential Research
combination of both
gonna get diff ages groups
but follow up on each of those age groups
Correlation
Relationship between two variables
if s/t happens to one
will affect the other variable
Positive Correlation
Both Variables will change the same way
(ex: as u get older
u get taller)
Zero Correlation
NO RELATIONSHIP AT ALL
Negative Correlation
both variables will change the opposite way
(ex: age and sleep
as u get older, we need less sleep)
Correlation does not equal
example
Causation
just because as u got older
doesn’t mean u grow taller
just bc correlated
no guarantee its causation
Quantitaive Research
How much more
less
higher
lower
precentages
anything w/ #s
- scienetists perefr to us ethis b/c s/t u could measure
Downside: Reduces ppl to #’s
we each have our indivdual distinctions
Qualitative Research
asking people questions
recording people in narrative
- difficult to replicate
What Factors Effect Development
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature
Genetics
Nurture
how you’re brought up, environmental
Complete the Sentence
Nature ________
Nurture _______
Nature always affects nurture
Nurture always affects nature
Critical Period
time where particular type of development for growth MUST HAPPEN
Sensitive Period
time period where something might develop, but could happen later
Plasticity
Just like plastic can change its shape of what it consumes
same way brain is not fixed = it can change
can make new neuro connections
Difference-equals-deficit-error
if you’re not like me, then theres something wrong with you!!!
Development is a reult of
is a result of a lot of dynamic systems
on going
ever changing
interaction (physical, cognitive and social learning influences)
- never static
Microsystems
person immediate surroundings - affecting directly
- family
- friends
- classroom
- religion
exosystem
affects you, but not directly
- local institutions (church)
- medical institutions
- education
(exo means outer)
Macrosystems
culture values
economic patterns
political processes
(macro means larger)
Chronosystem
has to do w/ time
Mesosystem
each thing interacts w/ the other
what does Bronfenbrenner’s model of the Ecological System say about development
people are affected by many social contexts and interpersonal interactions
Three Domains of Human Development
Biosocial
Cognitive
Psychosocial
Biosocial
growth of persons body
motor skills development
body and environment
Cognitive
Mental processes (perception, imagination, judgement)
Psychosical
emotions
temperament
social skills
family
Race
has to do with physical appearance
culture
is learned
it is not biological
Ethnicity
born in the same region
therefore
share culture, religion, language
