Shokry Metals Flashcards
inorganic arsenic is found where????
ant and roach baits, wood preservative, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides
If a dairy cow has inorganic arsenic toxicosis you dont have to worry about it being passed on to its calf through milk?
FALSE - milk from poisoned cows contains toxic levels!
______ are most susceptible to inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
Herbivores!
How do dogs get exposed to inorganic arsenic?
ingestion of ant and roach bait
which is more toxic form of inorganic arsenic, pentavalent or trivalent?
trivalent!
t/f: chickens and swine are commonly poisoned with inorganic arsenic?
false its rare
3 places inorganic arsenic is absorbed?
GIT, intact skin, inhalation
where does inorganic arsenic achieve highest concentration in the body?
kidney, hair, nails, hoof, skin
pentavent inorganic arsenic reduced in _____ to trivalent?
liver
most inorganic arsenic rapidly excreted in the???
urine
inorganic arsenic inhibits _____ thus slowing glycolysis and TCA cycle?
lipoid acid
which tissues are most sensitive to inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
those that are rich in oxidative enzymes - intestines, liver, kidney
peracute signs of inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
sudden death!!!! or severe colic, collapse the death
acute clinical signs of inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
rapid onset, severe colic, staggering salivation, vomiting, this, watery (maybe hemorrhagic) diarrhea, possible hematuria, 1-3d death
subacute signs of inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
colic, anorexia, diarrhea w blood + mucosal shreds (ew), depression, partial paralysis of hind limbs, death in several d
lab tests on alive and dead animals to check for inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
alive: urine
dead: liver and kidney (>7-10ppm = strong indication)
Which is chelator of choice to tx inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
Dimercaprol
2 organic arsenicals we discussed?
arsanillic acid and roxarsone
MOA of organic arsenicals?
we dunno
organic arsenicals used in which 2 species?
swine and poultry
organic arsenicals more toxic than inorganic arsenicals??
NO other way around
CS of arsanillic acid in pigs?
incoordination, ataxia, partial paralysis, blindness, erythema, sun sensitivity
Roxarsone causes blindness in pigs?
NO, only arsanillic acid does
2 sources of Cu toxicity?
excess Cu, Mo deficiency (Mo is molybdenum)
normal Cu:Mo ratio?
6:1
Cu mainly excreted in the _____
bile
MOA of Cu toxicosis?
accumulates in liver –> liver degeneration and necrosis, release of Cu which oxidizes RBC membranes = hemolytic crisis – Cu oxidizes Hb to methemoglobin which cant carry O2
CS of Cu toxicosis?
weakness, anorexia, pale MM, icterus, fever, dyspnea, shock, hemoglobinuria
Youre conducting a necropsy on a sheep. the mucus membranes appear yellow, and the liver is enlarged and friable. The kidneys are bluish and appear as ‘gunmetal’ kidneys, and the spleen is similar to black berry jam. What do you suspect?
Copper toxicosis
what supplement could you give to an animal to reduce hepatic Cu accumulation?
Zinc
3 treatment plans for Cu toxicosis?
ammonium tetrathiomolybate, D-penicillamine, ammonium molybdate + thiosulfate
T/F: Mo excreted in milk in toxic levels?
yes!!!
where is Mo absorbed?
GIT
species most susceptible to Mo toxicosis?
cows
2 species resistant to Mo toxicosis?
horses and pigs
a farmer calls you saying his cows have diarrhea and he is concerned. the diarrhea is green with bubbles. what is likely the cause?
Mo toxicosis
Mo deficiency causes deficiency of what???
copper
2 Tx for Mo toxicosis?
copper glycerinate and copper sulfate
CS of Mo toxicosis?
severe green diarrhea, rough hair coat, depigmentation, weight loss, anemia, osteoporosis, exostosis, lameness, pica
Selenium deficiency disease aka????
white muscle disease/nutritional muscle dystrophy in lambs, calves, foals
hepatosis dietetic in pigs
exudative diathesis in chicks
nutritional pancreatic atrophy in chickens
porcine stress syndrome in pigs
how many oxidation states does Se have?
3
t/f Se is an antioxidant?
yes
source of Se in toxicosis?
seleniferous plant ingestion or grains grown on Se rich soil
subacute Se toxicosis in pigs is called? wha does it cause?
Porcine focal symmetrical poliomyelomalacia
neuro signs: incoordination, lameness, paralysis, alopecia, hoof abnormalities, hoof separation
subacute Se toxicosis in cows??? 3 stages??
Blind staggers
Stage 1 - poor appetite, aimless wandering, circling, walking through objects, normal resp and temp
Stage 2 - stage 1 + depression, incoordination, foreleg weakness, walking on knees, complete anorexia
Stage 3 - colic, hypothermia, emaciation, clouded corneas near blindness, paresis, coma, death
Chronic Se toxicosis name and signs???
Alkali disease
rough hair coat, loss of hair from mane and tail, hoof deformities and sloughing, joint stiffness, lameness, partial blindness, anemia, lethargy, emaciation, infertility, birth defects
acute Se toxicosis signs?
GI signs: colic, bloat, dark watery diarrhea
Resp signs: laboured w/ fluid sounds n lungs, bloody broth from nares, cyanosis
Other: fever, PU, mydriasis, uncertain gait, death in hours
How would you treat Se toxicosis?
saline cathartics, tx symptoms, acetylcysteine
MOA of Se toxicosis?
se replaces S in amino acids = abnormal proteins, decreased ATP in chronic toxicosis, decreased tissue ascorbic acid
