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Toxicology Test 2 > Feed and Water Related > Flashcards

Feed and Water Related Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS MOST COMMON NPN?????

A

urea

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2
Q

T/F: urea is super dangerous and no one can use it ever???

A

false its a normal feed additive!!!

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3
Q

urea converted to _______ and ______ by rumen microflora (urease)

A

ammonia and CO2

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4
Q

species most susceptible to NPN toxicosis?

A

ruminants!!!! then horses

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5
Q

most toxic NPN???

A

urea!

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6
Q

animals that have been exposed to urea before are more sensitive to toxicosis???

A

NO - animals exposed before are considered “preconditioned” so they’re more tolerant

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7
Q

All animals <1y old are more sensitive to urea toxicosis?

A

WRONG!!!!!! yes animals <1y are sensitive but by some magical reason, very young animals (3-6w are tolerant!!!!)

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8
Q

Fasting, dehydration, urease rich feeds, hepatic insufficiency and diets low in energy and protein but high in fibre ____________ toxicity???? (increase or decrease_

A

INCREASE

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9
Q

ammonia and urea overdose decreases rumen pH?

A

NO increases and makes more alkaline!

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10
Q

ammonia is in the non-ionized form in an alkaline pH environment????

A

TRUE - this is bad! what happens is this non-ionized ammonia crosses cell membranes including BBB add placenta

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11
Q

what do you tx first when dealing with NPN toxicosis?

A

relieve bloat!!!! acetic acid 5% or vinegar!!!!!

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12
Q

dead animals usually extremely bloated if NPN toxicosis?

A

true!!!

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13
Q

Cattle are given ionophores why????

A

growth promotion

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14
Q

cattle poultry and goats receive ionophores for what????

A

anticoccidial

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15
Q

given to prevent tryptophan induced atypical bovine pulmonary emphysema??

A

ionophore

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16
Q

most common ionophore???

A

monensin

17
Q

only cows are susceptible to ionophore toxicity???

A

NO - all animals susceptible to ionophore toxicity

18
Q

_____ are most sensitive to ionophore toxicosis???

A

HORSIES

19
Q

horses have a lot of p450 enzymes so they are not affected by ionophore toxicity?

A

NOOOO they have the least amount of p450 out of all the domestic species we care about hence their increased sensitivity to ionophores!

20
Q

general MOA of ionophores???

A

alter transmembrane electrochemical gradients in mitochondria of highly energetic tissue so decreased ATP and energy and altered cell function

21
Q

you are doing a necropsy on a horse and notice the heart has pale streaks of necrotic myocardium. the farmer asks if its because he gave his horse a lot of ionophores. is this possible?

A

yes!!! ionophore toxicity causes pale white necrotic lesions in myocardium of horses

22
Q

mainly cardiac m lesions in sheep swine and dogs with ionophore toxicity?

A

False, mainly skeletal mm lesions!

23
Q

a race horse that was really fast got ionophore toxicity and recovered (wow!) would you bet that this horse would win a race?

A

no save your money!!! prognosis is myocardial scarring and necrosis and horse probably wont reach previous performance

24
Q

clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in horses?

A

anorexia, sweating, colic, depression, incoordination, hyperventilation, tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia, prostration, death

25
Q

clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in cows??

A

anorexia, diarrhea, depression, laboured breathing, ataxia, prostration, death

26
Q

clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in chickens?

A

anorexia, diarrhea, ataxia, resting on knees w/ legs and wings outward, decreased egg production

27
Q

clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in dogs?

A

ataxia, mm weakness of hind limb, resp paralysis, dysuria, constipation, depression

28
Q

how would you treat ionophore toxicity?

A

no antidote! remove medicated feed, decrease absorption (charcoal, mineral oil), tx symptoms, IV, monitor CV function, dont ride horses, Vit E/Se to decrease mm damage

29
Q

3 species most susceptible to Na toxicity???

A

swine, cattle, poultry

30
Q

transport of Na into and out of brain?

A

passive diffusion into brain, active transport out of brain

31
Q

excess Na (and H2O deprivation) = hypotonicity of blood

A

FALSE ITS HYPERTONIC BLOOD SILLY

32
Q

MoA of Na toxicosis?

A

High Na in brain inhibits anaerobic glycolysis so lacking energy necessary to transport Na out of brain. we know H2O follows Na so it flows into the brain resulting in cerebral edema

33
Q

T/F: if you find an animal that is extremely dehydrated and you know it swallowed a bunch of salt (dont ask, you just know) you should give it a huge amount of water?

A

NOOOOO you have to give small amounts gradually over a few days or you can worsen the edema!!!

34
Q

which iv fluid would you give in a patient w/ Na toxicosis?

A

5% dextrose

35
Q

Tx for Na toxicosis in large animals includes giving furosemide and anticonvulsants???

A

NO - these are for small animals!

36
Q

Animals are likely to survive Na toxicosis?

A

No:( poor prognosis, 50% mortality

Toxicology Test 2 (9 decks)

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