Feed and Water Related

Question 1

WHAT IS MOST COMMON NPN?????

Answer 1

urea

Question 2

T/F: urea is super dangerous and no one can use it ever???

Answer 2

false its a normal feed additive!!!

Question 3

urea converted to _______ and ______ by rumen microflora (urease)

Answer 3

ammonia and CO2

Question 4

species most susceptible to NPN toxicosis?

Answer 4

ruminants!!!! then horses

Question 5

most toxic NPN???

Answer 5

urea!

Question 6

animals that have been exposed to urea before are more sensitive to toxicosis???

Answer 6

NO - animals exposed before are considered “preconditioned” so they’re more tolerant

Question 7

All animals <1y old are more sensitive to urea toxicosis?

Answer 7

WRONG!!!!!! yes animals <1y are sensitive but by some magical reason, very young animals (3-6w are tolerant!!!!)

Question 8

Fasting, dehydration, urease rich feeds, hepatic insufficiency and diets low in energy and protein but high in fibre ____________ toxicity???? (increase or decrease_

Answer 8

INCREASE

Question 9

ammonia and urea overdose decreases rumen pH?

Answer 9

NO increases and makes more alkaline!

Question 10

ammonia is in the non-ionized form in an alkaline pH environment????

Answer 10

TRUE - this is bad! what happens is this non-ionized ammonia crosses cell membranes including BBB add placenta

Question 11

what do you tx first when dealing with NPN toxicosis?

Answer 11

relieve bloat!!!! acetic acid 5% or vinegar!!!!!

Question 12

dead animals usually extremely bloated if NPN toxicosis?

Answer 12

true!!!

Question 13

Cattle are given ionophores why????

Answer 13

growth promotion

Question 14

cattle poultry and goats receive ionophores for what????

Answer 14

anticoccidial

Question 15

given to prevent tryptophan induced atypical bovine pulmonary emphysema??

Answer 15

ionophore

Question 16

most common ionophore???

Answer 16

monensin

Question 17

only cows are susceptible to ionophore toxicity???

Answer 17

NO - all animals susceptible to ionophore toxicity

Question 18

_____ are most sensitive to ionophore toxicosis???

Answer 18

HORSIES

Question 19

horses have a lot of p450 enzymes so they are not affected by ionophore toxicity?

Answer 19

NOOOO they have the least amount of p450 out of all the domestic species we care about hence their increased sensitivity to ionophores!

Question 20

general MOA of ionophores???

Answer 20

alter transmembrane electrochemical gradients in mitochondria of highly energetic tissue so decreased ATP and energy and altered cell function

Question 21

you are doing a necropsy on a horse and notice the heart has pale streaks of necrotic myocardium. the farmer asks if its because he gave his horse a lot of ionophores. is this possible?

Answer 21

yes!!! ionophore toxicity causes pale white necrotic lesions in myocardium of horses

Question 22

mainly cardiac m lesions in sheep swine and dogs with ionophore toxicity?

Answer 22

False, mainly skeletal mm lesions!

Question 23

a race horse that was really fast got ionophore toxicity and recovered (wow!) would you bet that this horse would win a race?

Answer 23

no save your money!!! prognosis is myocardial scarring and necrosis and horse probably wont reach previous performance

Question 24

clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in horses?

Answer 24

anorexia, sweating, colic, depression, incoordination, hyperventilation, tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia, prostration, death

Question 25

clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in cows??

Answer 25

anorexia, diarrhea, depression, laboured breathing, ataxia, prostration, death

Question 26

clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in chickens?

Answer 26

anorexia, diarrhea, ataxia, resting on knees w/ legs and wings outward, decreased egg production

Question 27

clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in dogs?

Answer 27

ataxia, mm weakness of hind limb, resp paralysis, dysuria, constipation, depression

Question 28

how would you treat ionophore toxicity?

Answer 28

no antidote! remove medicated feed, decrease absorption (charcoal, mineral oil), tx symptoms, IV, monitor CV function, dont ride horses, Vit E/Se to decrease mm damage

Question 29

3 species most susceptible to Na toxicity???

Answer 29

swine, cattle, poultry

Question 30

transport of Na into and out of brain?

Answer 30

passive diffusion into brain, active transport out of brain

Question 31

excess Na (and H2O deprivation) = hypotonicity of blood

Answer 31

FALSE ITS HYPERTONIC BLOOD SILLY

Question 32

MoA of Na toxicosis?

Answer 32

High Na in brain inhibits anaerobic glycolysis so lacking energy necessary to transport Na out of brain. we know H2O follows Na so it flows into the brain resulting in cerebral edema

Question 33

T/F: if you find an animal that is extremely dehydrated and you know it swallowed a bunch of salt (dont ask, you just know) you should give it a huge amount of water?

Answer 33

NOOOOO you have to give small amounts gradually over a few days or you can worsen the edema!!!

Question 34

which iv fluid would you give in a patient w/ Na toxicosis?

Answer 34

5% dextrose

Question 35

Tx for Na toxicosis in large animals includes giving furosemide and anticonvulsants???

Answer 35

NO - these are for small animals!

Question 36

Animals are likely to survive Na toxicosis?

Answer 36

No:( poor prognosis, 50% mortality