Feed and Water Related Flashcards
WHAT IS MOST COMMON NPN?????
urea
T/F: urea is super dangerous and no one can use it ever???
false its a normal feed additive!!!
urea converted to _______ and ______ by rumen microflora (urease)
ammonia and CO2
species most susceptible to NPN toxicosis?
ruminants!!!! then horses
most toxic NPN???
urea!
animals that have been exposed to urea before are more sensitive to toxicosis???
NO - animals exposed before are considered “preconditioned” so they’re more tolerant
All animals <1y old are more sensitive to urea toxicosis?
WRONG!!!!!! yes animals <1y are sensitive but by some magical reason, very young animals (3-6w are tolerant!!!!)
Fasting, dehydration, urease rich feeds, hepatic insufficiency and diets low in energy and protein but high in fibre ____________ toxicity???? (increase or decrease_
INCREASE
ammonia and urea overdose decreases rumen pH?
NO increases and makes more alkaline!
ammonia is in the non-ionized form in an alkaline pH environment????
TRUE - this is bad! what happens is this non-ionized ammonia crosses cell membranes including BBB add placenta
what do you tx first when dealing with NPN toxicosis?
relieve bloat!!!! acetic acid 5% or vinegar!!!!!
dead animals usually extremely bloated if NPN toxicosis?
true!!!
Cattle are given ionophores why????
growth promotion
cattle poultry and goats receive ionophores for what????
anticoccidial
given to prevent tryptophan induced atypical bovine pulmonary emphysema??
ionophore
most common ionophore???
monensin
only cows are susceptible to ionophore toxicity???
NO - all animals susceptible to ionophore toxicity
_____ are most sensitive to ionophore toxicosis???
HORSIES
horses have a lot of p450 enzymes so they are not affected by ionophore toxicity?
NOOOO they have the least amount of p450 out of all the domestic species we care about hence their increased sensitivity to ionophores!
general MOA of ionophores???
alter transmembrane electrochemical gradients in mitochondria of highly energetic tissue so decreased ATP and energy and altered cell function
you are doing a necropsy on a horse and notice the heart has pale streaks of necrotic myocardium. the farmer asks if its because he gave his horse a lot of ionophores. is this possible?
yes!!! ionophore toxicity causes pale white necrotic lesions in myocardium of horses
mainly cardiac m lesions in sheep swine and dogs with ionophore toxicity?
False, mainly skeletal mm lesions!
a race horse that was really fast got ionophore toxicity and recovered (wow!) would you bet that this horse would win a race?
no save your money!!! prognosis is myocardial scarring and necrosis and horse probably wont reach previous performance
clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in horses?
anorexia, sweating, colic, depression, incoordination, hyperventilation, tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia, prostration, death
clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in cows??
anorexia, diarrhea, depression, laboured breathing, ataxia, prostration, death
clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in chickens?
anorexia, diarrhea, ataxia, resting on knees w/ legs and wings outward, decreased egg production
clinical signs of ionophore toxicity in dogs?
ataxia, mm weakness of hind limb, resp paralysis, dysuria, constipation, depression
how would you treat ionophore toxicity?
no antidote! remove medicated feed, decrease absorption (charcoal, mineral oil), tx symptoms, IV, monitor CV function, dont ride horses, Vit E/Se to decrease mm damage
3 species most susceptible to Na toxicity???
swine, cattle, poultry
transport of Na into and out of brain?
passive diffusion into brain, active transport out of brain
excess Na (and H2O deprivation) = hypotonicity of blood
FALSE ITS HYPERTONIC BLOOD SILLY
MoA of Na toxicosis?
High Na in brain inhibits anaerobic glycolysis so lacking energy necessary to transport Na out of brain. we know H2O follows Na so it flows into the brain resulting in cerebral edema
T/F: if you find an animal that is extremely dehydrated and you know it swallowed a bunch of salt (dont ask, you just know) you should give it a huge amount of water?
NOOOOO you have to give small amounts gradually over a few days or you can worsen the edema!!!
which iv fluid would you give in a patient w/ Na toxicosis?
5% dextrose
Tx for Na toxicosis in large animals includes giving furosemide and anticonvulsants???
NO - these are for small animals!
Animals are likely to survive Na toxicosis?
No:( poor prognosis, 50% mortality