Sexual offenders Flashcards
sexual assault
section 271 of criminal code
- defined broadly as any assault that transpires in circumstances of a sexual nature, regardless of relationship
aggravated sexual assault level 3
section 273 of criminal code
- in committing a sexual assault, wounds, maims, disfigures or endangers the life of the complainant
- max sentence life sentence
level one sexual assault
assault that violates sexual integrity of a person
- kissing, touching, oral
- no or minor injuries
- max sentence 10 years
level 2 sexual assault
sexual assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm
- threat to cause harm can also be level 2
- max sentence 14 years
rates of sexual violence
95% go unreported
- of reported
- ~65.5/100000
- 71% level 1
- 56% know attacker
- aboriginal peoples have greater rates
- 1/5 women in lifetime, 1/20 children
Koss (1993)
physical implications of sexual assault
- 30% sexually transmitted diseases
- 5% result in pregnancy
Rape trauma syndrome
Burgess and Holmstrom
- a group of symptoms or behaviors that are frequent after effects of having been raped
- acute phase
- few days to several weeks, severe symptoms
- high fear, anxiety and depression, distrust, self doubt
- long term phase
- few months to several years
- 1/4 of victims do not significantly recover
- -development of phobias, sexual problems, depression, dramatic change in lifestyle
- chronic physical health symptoms like back pain, headaches, sleep problems etc.
PTSD
trauma and stress related disorder that may develop as result of exposure to death, serious injury or sexual violence, whether threatened or actual
- avoidance of stimuli
- reoccurring distressing memories
- negatively altered cognition and mood
- altered state of arousal and reactivity
Rothbaum, Foa, Riggs, Murdock and Walsh (1992)
PTSD in female rape victims
- 65% diagnosed at 1 month
- 47% at 9 months
- other study
- 16.5% had PTSD 15 years later– Kilpatrick et al.
Voyeur
someone who obtains sexual gratification by observing unsuspecting people, usually strangers, who are naked, in the process of undressing or engaging in sexual activity
exhibitionist
obtains sexual gratification by exposing their genitals to strangers
rapist
person who sexually assaults victims over 16
pedophile
whose primary sexual orientation is towards children who have not begun puberty
- 5% general population
DSM-5
- over past 6 months, recurring intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviors of children
- individual has acted on urges or they have caused marked distress
- person is at least 16 and at least 5 years older
child molester
someone who has sexually molested a child
intra-familial child molester
sexually abuses own biological children or children whom they assume parental role
- also incest offender
incest offender
intra-familial child molester
extra-familial child molester
sexually abuses children not related to them
sexual exploitation
- against children
- touching directly/indirectly for sexual purpose
- perpetrator someone in authority or trust
sexual interference
against children
- any person sexually touches person under 18
- does not have to be in position of trust
types of sexual violations against children
sexual exploitation - in authority/ trust
sexual interference
invitation to sexual touching - under 16
making sexually explicit material available to a child
- 118% increase from 2010-2017
- legislative changes
- policing
- increase in computer incidences
revised rapist typology, 3 (MTC:R3)
5 subtypes
- opportunistic
- pervasively angry
- motivated by fantasies
- sadistic
- vindictive - anger only on women to demean and degrade
Groth (1979)
rapist subtypes
- anger
- power
- sadistic
anger rapist
Groth
- uses more force than necessary to obtain compliance
- engages in sexual acts to degrade victim
- anger towards women
- 50%
- similar to vindictive rapist in other typology
power rapist
Groth - establish dominance and control victim - force depends on victim - frequent rape fantasies 40% - similar to pervasively angry rapist
sadistic rapist
Groth
- obtains sexual gratification by hurting the victim
- frequent violent sexual fantasies
- 5%
Types of child molesters
fixated
- also preferred
- primary sexual orientation is children
- interest starts in adolescence and persists
- male children primary target
- planned offences
- emotionally immature, poor social skills, single
- no drug abuse
- no remorse
- Manipulative or Introverted sub categories
Regressed
- situational
- primary orientation adults
- interest begins in adulthood and is episodic
- female primary target
- stress and feeling inadequate
- often married with problems
- alcohol abuse
- more remorse
- secondary attraction to children
Christopher’s Law
establish sex offender registry after child assaulted and killed
why children don’t report sexual offences
- fearful of what will happen to them or family
- don’t think will be believed
- think are to blame
- don’t understand or are aware its wrong
- have to rely on adult to bring attention to police
Online sexual offenders
access/exchange of child porn - majority offences
- luring/ solicitation of minors
- facilitating sexual assault against adults
- facilitating sex tourism and juvenile prostitution
“creep catchers”
vigilante justice
- some charges
- some misfires
Seto, Hanson and Babchishin (2011)
internet offenders recidivism
- 4.6 % new sexual offence
- 2% sexual contact offence
- 3.4% new child porn offence
adolescent sexual offenders
20% rapes, 30-50% child abuse
- 98% male offenders btw 12-15
- 40-80% assaulted themselves
- more likely to have history of sexual abuse, exposure to sex or porn, and atypical sexual interests
Rasmussen, Burton and Christopherson (1992)
sexual abuse, social inadequacy, lack of intimacies, impulsiveness play role in adolescent sexual offending
female sexual offenders
1-5% of incarcerated sexual offenders
- children most prominent victims
- male victims - 25% female perp
- female victims - 14%
- under reporting
- more possibilities to mask contact
- offend inside family
- boys less likely to disclose
- low reoffending
teacher/lover Male- Coerced - forced into by abusive male - unassertive, dependent, passive Male- accompanied - more willing Predisposed - initiate abuse alone -deviant sexually fantasies
aboriginal sexual offenders
- 40% have committed sexual offense
- lengthier criminal and substance abuse histories, lower education, higher rates of unemployment
- 19-40
- 90% under influence of alcohol
- less likely to have male victims or child victims
- 16% non aboriginal victims
- 15% strangers
Finkelhor’s four factor model
theory of child molesting motivations - emotional congruence - sexual arousal - blockage (unable to meet needs) - disinhibition
- external inhibitions - opportunity to be alone
- overcome child’s resistance
Integrated theory of child sexual abuse
Marshall and Barbaree
- biological factors, childhood experiences, sociocultural influences, situation events
- males normally learn to exhibit sexually aggressive behavior via socialization
- fail to acquire inhibitory control
- childhood abuse or raised in dysfunctional families
Pathway model child sexual abuse
- interaction between 4 vulnerability factors
- emotional regulation deficits
- deviant sexual scripts
- intimacy’s/ social skills deficits
- antisocial cognitions
- or multiple dysfunctions group
Criticism: lack of research, some support
Adult sexual violence theories
- Neurobiological/ biological
- Evolutionary
- murder not explained, hard to test - social learning theory
- integrated theory
- biological and ecological factors
- lack of explanation of mechanisms
Fetishism
employment of inanimate object as source of sexual satisfaction
frotteurism
sexual arousal as result of touching or rubbing non consenting individual
sexual masochism
experiencing sexual arousal in response to extreme pain, humiliation, bondage or torture
cognitive distortions
deviant cognitions, values, beliefs that are used to justify or minimize deviant behaviors
Sexual offenders denial
70% deny or minimize offending
other areas of assessment for sexual offenders
- denial, minimization, cognitive distortions
- empathy
- social skills
- substance abuse
- deviant sexual interest
Penile phallometry
measurement device placed around penis to measure changes in sexual arousal
- measure deviant sexual interests
eliminating deviant thoughts
- aversion therapy
- masturbation satiation
- pharmacological
- SSRI for paraphilia and pedophilia
- testosterones lowering for paraphilic short term
relapse prevention
method of treatment designed to prevent occurrence of an undesired behavior
- list emotional and situational risk factors that lead to abuse
- develop plan to avoid or cope
Sexual violence risk assessment
Actuarial - works with development sample, less with others
- static-99/ static-2002
-sexual offender risk appraisal guide (SORAG)
- rapid risk assessment for sexual offense recidivism
- Minnesota sex offender screening tool revised
- violence risk scale
SPJ
- sexual violence risk -20
- risk for sexual violence protocol**
– assessment and strategies, can be used with women and adolescents
Sexual offenders treatment effectiveness
- low rates of reoffending
- 12% treatment, 17% untreated
- offenders who refuse or drop out of treatment have higher recidivism
- equally effective for adolescents and adult offenders
- institutional treatment and correctional treatment were associated with reduced recidivism
