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Psychology 331 > Sexual offenders > Flashcards

Sexual offenders Flashcards

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1
Q

sexual assault

A

section 271 of criminal code

- defined broadly as any assault that transpires in circumstances of a sexual nature, regardless of relationship

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2
Q

aggravated sexual assault level 3

A

section 273 of criminal code

  • in committing a sexual assault, wounds, maims, disfigures or endangers the life of the complainant
  • max sentence life sentence
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3
Q

level one sexual assault

A

assault that violates sexual integrity of a person

  • kissing, touching, oral
  • no or minor injuries
  • max sentence 10 years
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4
Q

level 2 sexual assault

A

sexual assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm

  • threat to cause harm can also be level 2
  • max sentence 14 years
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5
Q

rates of sexual violence

A

95% go unreported

  • of reported
  • ~65.5/100000
  • 71% level 1
  • 56% know attacker
  • aboriginal peoples have greater rates
  • 1/5 women in lifetime, 1/20 children
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6
Q

Koss (1993)

A

physical implications of sexual assault

  • 30% sexually transmitted diseases
  • 5% result in pregnancy
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7
Q

Rape trauma syndrome

A

Burgess and Holmstrom

  • a group of symptoms or behaviors that are frequent after effects of having been raped
  • acute phase
    • few days to several weeks, severe symptoms
    • high fear, anxiety and depression, distrust, self doubt
  • long term phase
    • few months to several years
    • 1/4 of victims do not significantly recover
  • -development of phobias, sexual problems, depression, dramatic change in lifestyle
    • chronic physical health symptoms like back pain, headaches, sleep problems etc.
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8
Q

PTSD

A

trauma and stress related disorder that may develop as result of exposure to death, serious injury or sexual violence, whether threatened or actual

  • avoidance of stimuli
  • reoccurring distressing memories
  • negatively altered cognition and mood
  • altered state of arousal and reactivity
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9
Q

Rothbaum, Foa, Riggs, Murdock and Walsh (1992)

A

PTSD in female rape victims

  • 65% diagnosed at 1 month
  • 47% at 9 months
  • other study
  • 16.5% had PTSD 15 years later– Kilpatrick et al.
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10
Q

Voyeur

A

someone who obtains sexual gratification by observing unsuspecting people, usually strangers, who are naked, in the process of undressing or engaging in sexual activity

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11
Q

exhibitionist

A

obtains sexual gratification by exposing their genitals to strangers

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12
Q

rapist

A

person who sexually assaults victims over 16

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13
Q

pedophile

A

whose primary sexual orientation is towards children who have not begun puberty
- 5% general population
DSM-5
- over past 6 months, recurring intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges or behaviors of children
- individual has acted on urges or they have caused marked distress
- person is at least 16 and at least 5 years older

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14
Q

child molester

A

someone who has sexually molested a child

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15
Q

intra-familial child molester

A

sexually abuses own biological children or children whom they assume parental role
- also incest offender

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16
Q

incest offender

A

intra-familial child molester

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17
Q

extra-familial child molester

A

sexually abuses children not related to them

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18
Q

sexual exploitation

A
  • against children
  • touching directly/indirectly for sexual purpose
  • perpetrator someone in authority or trust
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19
Q

sexual interference

A

against children

  • any person sexually touches person under 18
  • does not have to be in position of trust
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20
Q

types of sexual violations against children

A

sexual exploitation - in authority/ trust
sexual interference
invitation to sexual touching - under 16
making sexually explicit material available to a child

  • 118% increase from 2010-2017
  • legislative changes
  • policing
  • increase in computer incidences
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21
Q

revised rapist typology, 3 (MTC:R3)

A

5 subtypes

  • opportunistic
  • pervasively angry
  • motivated by fantasies
  • sadistic
  • vindictive - anger only on women to demean and degrade
22
Q

Groth (1979)

A

rapist subtypes

  • anger
  • power
  • sadistic
23
Q

anger rapist

A

Groth

  • uses more force than necessary to obtain compliance
  • engages in sexual acts to degrade victim
  • anger towards women
  • 50%
  • similar to vindictive rapist in other typology
24
Q

power rapist

A 
Groth
- establish dominance and control victim
- force depends on victim
- frequent rape fantasies
 40%
- similar to pervasively angry rapist
25
Q

sadistic rapist

A

Groth

  • obtains sexual gratification by hurting the victim
  • frequent violent sexual fantasies
  • 5%
26
Q

Types of child molesters

A

fixated

  • also preferred
  • primary sexual orientation is children
  • interest starts in adolescence and persists
  • male children primary target
  • planned offences
  • emotionally immature, poor social skills, single
  • no drug abuse
  • no remorse
  • Manipulative or Introverted sub categories

Regressed

  • situational
  • primary orientation adults
  • interest begins in adulthood and is episodic
  • female primary target
  • stress and feeling inadequate
  • often married with problems
  • alcohol abuse
  • more remorse
  • secondary attraction to children
27
Q

Christopher’s Law

A

establish sex offender registry after child assaulted and killed

28
Q

why children don’t report sexual offences

A
  • fearful of what will happen to them or family
  • don’t think will be believed
  • think are to blame
  • don’t understand or are aware its wrong
  • have to rely on adult to bring attention to police
29
Q

Online sexual offenders

A

access/exchange of child porn - majority offences

  • luring/ solicitation of minors
  • facilitating sexual assault against adults
  • facilitating sex tourism and juvenile prostitution
30
Q

“creep catchers”

A

vigilante justice

  • some charges
  • some misfires
31
Q

Seto, Hanson and Babchishin (2011)

A

internet offenders recidivism

  • 4.6 % new sexual offence
  • 2% sexual contact offence
  • 3.4% new child porn offence
32
Q

adolescent sexual offenders

A

20% rapes, 30-50% child abuse

  • 98% male offenders btw 12-15
  • 40-80% assaulted themselves
  • more likely to have history of sexual abuse, exposure to sex or porn, and atypical sexual interests
33
Q

Rasmussen, Burton and Christopherson (1992)

A

sexual abuse, social inadequacy, lack of intimacies, impulsiveness play role in adolescent sexual offending

34
Q

female sexual offenders

A

1-5% of incarcerated sexual offenders

  • children most prominent victims
  • male victims - 25% female perp
  • female victims - 14%
  • under reporting
    • more possibilities to mask contact
    • offend inside family
    • boys less likely to disclose
  • low reoffending
teacher/lover
Male- Coerced
- forced into by abusive male
- unassertive, dependent, passive
Male- accompanied
- more willing
Predisposed
- initiate abuse alone
-deviant sexually fantasies
35
Q

aboriginal sexual offenders

A
  • 40% have committed sexual offense
  • lengthier criminal and substance abuse histories, lower education, higher rates of unemployment
  • 19-40
  • 90% under influence of alcohol
  • less likely to have male victims or child victims
  • 16% non aboriginal victims
  • 15% strangers
36
Q

Finkelhor’s four factor model

A 
theory of child molesting
motivations
- emotional congruence
- sexual arousal
- blockage (unable to meet needs)
- disinhibition
  • external inhibitions - opportunity to be alone
  • overcome child’s resistance
37
Q

Integrated theory of child sexual abuse

A

Marshall and Barbaree

  • biological factors, childhood experiences, sociocultural influences, situation events
  • males normally learn to exhibit sexually aggressive behavior via socialization
  • fail to acquire inhibitory control
    • childhood abuse or raised in dysfunctional families
38
Q

Pathway model child sexual abuse

A
  • interaction between 4 vulnerability factors
  • emotional regulation deficits
  • deviant sexual scripts
  • intimacy’s/ social skills deficits
  • antisocial cognitions
  • or multiple dysfunctions group

Criticism: lack of research, some support

39
Q

Adult sexual violence theories

A
  1. Neurobiological/ biological
  2. Evolutionary
    - murder not explained, hard to test
  3. social learning theory
  4. integrated theory
    - biological and ecological factors
    - lack of explanation of mechanisms
40
Q

Fetishism

A

employment of inanimate object as source of sexual satisfaction

41
Q

frotteurism

A

sexual arousal as result of touching or rubbing non consenting individual

42
Q

sexual masochism

A

experiencing sexual arousal in response to extreme pain, humiliation, bondage or torture

43
Q

cognitive distortions

A

deviant cognitions, values, beliefs that are used to justify or minimize deviant behaviors

44
Q

Sexual offenders denial

A

70% deny or minimize offending

45
Q

other areas of assessment for sexual offenders

A
  • denial, minimization, cognitive distortions
  • empathy
  • social skills
  • substance abuse
  • deviant sexual interest
46
Q

Penile phallometry

A

measurement device placed around penis to measure changes in sexual arousal
- measure deviant sexual interests

47
Q

eliminating deviant thoughts

A
  • aversion therapy
  • masturbation satiation
  • pharmacological
    • SSRI for paraphilia and pedophilia
    • testosterones lowering for paraphilic short term
48
Q

relapse prevention

A

method of treatment designed to prevent occurrence of an undesired behavior

  • list emotional and situational risk factors that lead to abuse
  • develop plan to avoid or cope
49
Q

Sexual violence risk assessment

A

Actuarial - works with development sample, less with others
- static-99/ static-2002
-sexual offender risk appraisal guide (SORAG)
- rapid risk assessment for sexual offense recidivism
- Minnesota sex offender screening tool revised
- violence risk scale
SPJ
- sexual violence risk -20
- risk for sexual violence protocol**
– assessment and strategies, can be used with women and adolescents

50
Q

Sexual offenders treatment effectiveness

A
  • low rates of reoffending
    • 12% treatment, 17% untreated
  • offenders who refuse or drop out of treatment have higher recidivism
  • equally effective for adolescents and adult offenders
  • institutional treatment and correctional treatment were associated with reduced recidivism

Psychology 331 (10 decks)

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