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Psychopathy Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychopathy

A

personality disorder defined by collection of interpersonal, affective and behavioral characteristics
- including manipulation, lack of remorse/empathy, impulsivity and antisocial behaviors

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2
Q

Hare 1993

A

psychopaths are “intraspecies predators”

  • who charm, manipulate, intimidate, and use violence to use others for own needs
  • lack conscience and remorse
  • cold blooded
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3
Q

Murphy (1976)

A

descriptions exist across cultures
Inuit in Alaska
- kulangeta
- individual who repeatedly lies and cheats and steal things, takes sexual advantage of women and doesn’t pay attention to reprimands

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4
Q

Hervey Cleckley (1941)

A

mask of sanity

  • 16 features
  • positive (superficial charm and good intelligence, absence of delusions and anxiety)
  • emotional interpersonal (lack of remorse, untruthfulness, unresponsive in interpersonal relationships)
  • behavioral problems (inadequately motivated antisocial behavior, unreliability, failure to follow life plan)
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5
Q

PCL-R

A

Hare Psychopathy checklist - Revised
- by Robert Hare at UBC
-20 item rating scale that uses semi-structured interview and file review information
- 3 point scale (0,1,2) (2 applies definitely), scores 0-40
- score of 30 is cutoff
factor 1: interpersonal/affective
- grandiosity, manipulative, superficial charm/ glibness, pathological lying, lack of remorse/guilt, lack of empathy, failure to accept responsibility
factor 2: unstable/antisocial life/socially deviant
-impulsive, irresponsible, stimulation need, poor behavioral control, juvenile delinquency and early behavioral problems
other factors: ex criminal versatility, promiscuous sexual behavior, many short term marital relationships

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6
Q

PCL-R factor correlations

A

factor 1- related to instrumental violence, emotional processing deficits, dropping out of treatment and poor treatment response
factor 2- strongly related to reoffending, substance abuse, lack of education, poor family background

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7
Q

3 factor model of PCL-R

A

1- arrogant and deceitful interpersonal style
2- deficient affective experience
3- impulsive and irresponsible behavioral style

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8
Q

PCL:SV

A 
screening version
focuses less on criminal behavior
good for general public
12 items, 2 parts
1- interpersonal/affective
2- unstable/antisocial
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9
Q

self -report on Psychopathy

A

advantages:
-measure attributes/emotions not easily observed by –others (low self esteem etc.)
-easy to administer and quick to score, inexpensive
-no concern of interrater reliability
limitations:
- lying/manipulating “duping delight”
- lack of insight
- difficulty reporting emotions never experienced

Psychopathic personality inventory revised - PPI-R
self report psychopathy scale - SRP

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10
Q

Psychopathic personality inventory - revised

A

a self report measure of psychopathic traits

  • 154 item
  • 8 content scales and 2 validity scales
  • 2 factors; fearless dominance and self centered impulsivity
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11
Q

Self report psychopathy scale

A

a self report measure of psychopathic traits
- 64 items to assess in community samples
- 4 factors: erratic lifestyle, callous affect, interpersonal manipulation and criminal tendencies
short form - 28 items

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12
Q

duping delight

A

lying just for the fun of it

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13
Q

Patrick, Fowles, Krueger (2009)

A

triarchic model of psychopathy

- 3 main components: boldness, meanness, disinhibition

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14
Q

Wheeler, Book and costello, 2009

A

detecting vulnerable victims

- students with higher SRP scores more accurate at detecting victim vulnerability

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15
Q

Book et al., 2015

A

faking remorse

- higher story tellers scored on factor 1 traits (PPI-R), more genuine their fake stories were rated by others

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16
Q

Paulhus, Williams, Nathanson, 2002

A

defrauding a lottery

-students scoring higher on SRP were more likely to try and defraud experimenter and claim they were the true winner

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17
Q

Nathanson, Paulhus and Williams, 2006

A

cheating on exams

- psychopathic traits measured on SRP were strongest predictors of cheating

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18
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

personality disorder characterized by a history of behavior in which the rights of others were violated
- starts in childhood and continues into adulthood
- 3-5% adult general population, 1% psych
-90% of psychopaths also have APD but only 15-20% APD have psychopathy
-50-80% of inmates
constructs are related, high correlation
- 7 symptoms including engaging in criminal behavior, risk taker, failure to be truthful, having little guilt for ones actions

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19
Q

sociopathy

A

label used to describe a person whose psychopathic traits are assumed due to environmental factors
- first coined by Patridge in 1930 for ppl who refused to adapt to society

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20
Q

Lykken (2006)

A

sociopaths manifest similar traits to psychopaths but develop these traits as result of poor parenting and other environmental factors, whereas psychopaths are predisposed to a temperament

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21
Q

Zinger and Forth (1998)

A

reviewed cases in which an expert testified about psychopathy, sociopathy or APD
- psychopathy used in Canadian courts sentencing decisions - to support youth transfer to adult court, contribute to dangerous offender hearings, determine parole eligibility and to asses mental state at time of offense hearings

  • psychopathy plays a role in diverse range of criminal cases with majority of testimony regarding psychopathy being associated with increased severity of disposition
  • along with Dematteo and Edens, Walsh and walsh, and Viljoen and et al.
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22
Q

Dematteo and edens (2006) and Walsh and Walsh 2006

A

reviewed cases in which PCL-R was used by expert

  • PCLR use is on the rise
  • introduced more by prosecution
  • most often in sexually violent predator (SVP) cases
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23
Q

Viljoen et al, 2010

A

reviewed 111 American and Canadian youth offender cases of psychopathy

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24
Q

PCL-R and US courts

A

used in sexual violent predator evaluations

  • death penalty sentencing - aggravating factor
  • civil cases of child custody
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25
Q

psychopathy and insanity defense

A

fulfills disease of mind requirement but not the second of not appreciating the nature or quality of act or knowing that it is wrong

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26
Q

Psychopathy and criminal behaviour

A

significant predictor for future criminal behavior, particularly violence
- critical risk factor for future violence

  1. frequency of offending
    - twice number of offenders reoffend faster, and start younger
  2. versatility of offending
    - criminal diversity/ generalist
  3. nature of offending
    - more likely to be violent and instrumental violence
  4. stability of criminality
    - persist longer
    - high recidivism
    - more likely to fail release conditions
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27
Q

sub-criminal psychopaths

A

no criminal behavior or contact with the CJS

- lawyers, corporate business people - high percentage

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28
Q

Salekin et al (1996)

A

meta analysis, significant relationship between psychopathy and criminal recidivism
larger relationship between psychopathy and violent recidivism

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29
Q

Hemphill et al (1998)

A

significant but equal relationship with general and violent recidivism (psychopathy)

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30
Q

Adversarial allegiance

A

tendency for experts to be biased or drift from objective findings to ratings that support the party that hired them
- scores from expert hired by prosecution are higher than those hired by defense

  • with workshops on how to complete PCLR scores more accurate
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31
Q

Dematteo et al, 2014

A

defense experts reported PCL-R scores on average 7 points lower than prosecution experts

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32
Q

Murrie et al., 2013

A

showed adversarial allegiance in lab like setting

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33
Q

Hare (2016)

A

adversarial allegiance may be related to lack of training, improper use of PCLR, or “hired gun”

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34
Q

hired gun effect

A

an expert who adapts their assessment to the side that hired them ( adversarial allegiance possible explanation)

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35
Q

PCL-R and aboriginal offenders

A

moderately predictive of reoffending in both ethnic groups

- aboriginal offenders score around 3 points higher

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36
Q

Hart (1998)

A

“The two are so intimately connected that a full understanding of violence is impossible without consideration of the role played by psychopathy”

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37
Q

instrumental violence

A

perused with a clearly defined goal or is planned

  • ex murdering spouse to collect insurance money
  • more likely to victimize strangers
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38
Q

Reactive violence

A

perpetrated out of emotion

  • ex in fit of rage
  • non-psychopaths use this most
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39
Q

psychopathy and violence

A

use both instrumental and reactive violence

- more likely to use instrumental than other offenders, but majority of violence is still reactive

40
Q

Williamson, Hare and Wong (1987)

A

non-psychopaths likely to target people they know for violence, and is likely to occur in context of strong emotional arousal

41
Q

Blais et al., 2014

A

meta analysis of 53 studies examining association between psychopathy and types of violence in youths and adults

  • both instrumental and reactive
  • interpersonal factors (facet 1) - instrumental violence
  • social deviance (factor 2) - reactive violence
42
Q

Woodworth and Porter 2002

A

association between psychopathy and nature of homicide of Canadian offenders

  • primarly instrumental homicides 28% (non-psychopaths), 67% (medium scores), 93% (psychopaths)
  • psychopaths engage in more “cold blooded” homicides
43
Q

Book, Costello and Camilleri, 2013

A

offenders with higher PCLR factor 1 scores more accurate at detecting victim vulnerability and reported using gait cues to rationalize their vulnerability ratings

44
Q

Porter, ten Brinke, and Wilson (2009)

A

psychopathic offenders both sexual and non sexual were given early release more often than non-psychopathic offenders
- less successful than non-psychopathic offenders

45
Q

psychopathy and the general public

A
  • around 0.6-1.2% of people have scores of potential psychopaths ( under 13 in one study)
  • 71-75% have score of 0-2
  • females scored lower than males
46
Q

Babiak (2000)

A

employees with many psychopathic features at root of many company problems

47
Q

Boddy (2014)

A

online survey

  • people with psychopathic manager had more conflict and counterproductive work behaviors and negative emotions
  • cause a toxic work environment as evidenced by culture of conflict and bullying
48
Q

Mathieu et al., 2015

A

supervisors with higher psychopathic traits more likely to use lassez-faire leadership style (little guidance, not concerned about employees) and less likely to use positive leadership style

49
Q

Neuman et al., 2012

A

males scored higher with lifestyle traits being most prevalent and antisocial being least
- cultural factors likely to play a role in how traits are expressed

50
Q

Kirkman (2005)

A

characteristics of male psychopaths in heterosexual relationships

  • talking victim into victimization
  • lying
  • economic abuse
  • emotional abuse/ psychological torture
  • multiple infidelities
  • isolation and coercion
  • assault
  • mistreatment of children
51
Q

Leistedt and Linkowski (2015)

A

most films fail to depict the range of psychopathic traits, best is no country for old men

52
Q

sexual homicide

A

homicides with a sexual component

53
Q

psychopathy and sexual violence

A

not as strong association as general violence

  • higher prevalence of psychopathy in rapists than child molesters
  • mixed sexual offenders more likely to be psychopaths - highest factor 1 scores
54
Q

Brown and Forth (1997)

A

PCLR score associated with number of prior offences but not number of prior sexual offences

motivations

  • 80% of psychopathic rapists were opportunistic or vindictive, 56% non-psychopathic rapists
  • psychopaths report positive emotions in 24 hours leading up to crime
55
Q

Porter et al., 2003

A

level of sadistic violence related to PCLR scores and with interpersonal and affective features

56
Q

Mokros et al., 2010

A

psychopathy and sexual sadism

- PCLR, affective deficits facets, antisocial facets related

57
Q

sexual sadism

A

people who are sexually aroused by fantasies, urges or acts of inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation on another person

58
Q

R v. Nome (2002)

A

sexual assault - judge did not agree with suggested sentence and gave a harsher one
- “once a psychopath always a psychopath”

59
Q

R v. Ferreira

A

attempted murder- served 16 years then appealed

- sentence was reduced their was a lack of psychopathy and or APD

60
Q

R v. S. (J.T.)

A

youth transfer to adult court after scoring high on PCL:YV and adult sentence was imposed

61
Q

R v. Robinson

A

dangerous offender hearing and psychopathy

- “no recognized effective treatment for a persons whose PCLR score is as high as appellant’s”

62
Q

R v. Merrick

A

dangerous offender hearing and psychopathy

- low PCLR score (13-24) LTSO (long term supervision order) designation

63
Q

Psychopathy treatment

A

overall view is pessimistic

64
Q

Rice, Harris, Cormier (1992)

A
  • treatment fails for psychopaths and can even make recidivism worse
  • rates higher in treated psychopaths than non treated, opposite for non psychopaths
  • used an unconventional treatment
  • Wrong Treatment approaches make psychopaths worse **
65
Q

Olver and Wong (2006)

A

psychopathic sex offender who stayed in treatment were less likely to reoffend

66
Q

Olver et al., 2013

A

treatment was effective at reducing violent reoffending in a sample of high risk psychiatric patients with relatively high PCLR scores

67
Q

section 745

A

faint hope clause

  • request early parole for first or second degree murderers
  • ex Clifford Olson serial killer, PCLR score of 38/40
  • changes made to section - Bill C-48
  • protecting Canadians by ending sentence discounts for multiple murders act - allows consecutive life sentences to be given to multiple murderers
68
Q

Murderous minds on trial

A

book by Dr. Semrau and Judy Gale

- chapter on evaluation of Clifford Olson

69
Q

Bill C-48

A

protecting Canadians by ending sentence discounts for multiple murders act - allows consecutive life sentences to be given to multiple murderers
- multiple murderers now ineligible for section 745 review

70
Q

antisocial process screening device

A

observer rating scale to access psychopathic traits in children
- three-dimensional structure consisting of callous-unemotional factor, impulsivity factor, and narcissism factor

71
Q

PCL:YV

A

Hare psychopathy checklist youth version

- scale designed to measure psychopathic traits in adolescents (12-18)

72
Q

Murrie et al (2004)

A

use of psychopath label in adolescents may influence treatment decisions, social services plans, and juvenile determinations

73
Q

Edens et al., 2003 and 2005

A

examine effect of psychopath label on death penalty trial

  • adult - 2005
  • juvenile defendant - 2003
  • more likely to support death penalty for psychopathic traits than psychotic or none
  • lack of remorse strongly associated with capital punishment
74
Q

Blais and Forth (2013)

A

potential influence of psychopathy label

- general labelling effect not one specific to psychopathy

75
Q

Psychopathy stability in Youth

A

APSD -stable
psychopathy
- moderate stability ages 13-24
- moderate stability childhood -48 (Bergstom et al)
- adolescence is period with largest change

76
Q

PCL:YV research

A

more psychopathic traits

  • start earlier
  • engage in more violence
  • higher risk of reoffending
77
Q

Salekin (2002)

A

belief that psychopaths don’t respond to treatment unfounded and they can benefit
- overinclusion of studies in meta analysis

78
Q

D’Silva et al., 2004

A

same conclusion as salekin 2002,

psychopaths can benefit from treatment

79
Q

Caldwell et al., 2006

A

youth psychopathy treatment

-intensive treatment 2x less likely to violently reoffend than non-treated

80
Q

Dadds et al., 2012

A

children with callous-unemotional traits may fail to attend to eyes of parents- leads to problems with empathy and conscience development
- high CU more likely to reject affection and have low eye contact levels with mother

81
Q

Psychopathy nature vs nurture

A

genetic influences account for 29-59% variance between PPI scales
strong genetic influence with youth
- one study genetics explains 69% of variance
- CU traits moderately to highly heritable

82
Q

Blonigen et al., 2006

A

identical twins more similar on PPI scores than fraternal twins
- 29-59% variance from genetic influences

83
Q

Larson et al., 2006

A

strong genetic influence using youth psychopathic inventory

84
Q

Tuvblad et al., 2014

A

genetic influences explain 69% variance in psychopathy scores

85
Q

Viding et al., 2005

A

callous unemotional traits moderately to highly heritable

86
Q

Psychopathy and family

A

psychopathic individuals report lower levels of parental care

Cambridge study in delinquent development

  • age 8-48
  • men scoring 10 or more, 97% convicted before, 48% of them chronic offenders (ferrington, 2006)
  • best predictors were having a criminal parent, being a son whose father was uninvolved with him, low family income, disrupted family, physical neglect
87
Q

Weiler and Widom (1996)

A

children abused or neglected before age 11 slightly higher PCLR scores

88
Q

Pinizzotto and Davis (1992)

A

killers of police officers, 1/2 had traits/ behaviors consistent with psychopathy

89
Q

Quayle (2008)

A 
psychopaths in interrogation
- try to outwit interrogator
- enjoy being focus of attention
- attempt to control interrogation
- will not be fooled by bluffs
- attempt to shock
suggestions:
- ensure case familiarity
- convey experience and confidence
- show liking or admiration
- avoid criticism
- avoid conveying emotions
90
Q

Christopher Porco

A

21, convicted of first degree murder of father and attempted of mother

  • showed psychopathic traits
  • used wrong interrogation techniques appealed to his remorse and empathy then became confrontational with him
  • did not work
91
Q

Response modulation deficit theory

A

Newman et al., 2007
suggests psychopaths fail to use contextual cues that are peripheral to dominant response set to modulate their behavior
- why fail to learn to avoid punishment

92
Q

psychopathy theories

A

response modulation deficit
deficit in experience of certain critical emotions that guide prosocial behavior and inhibit deviance
amygdala dysfunction
paralimbic model

93
Q

Williamson, Harpur, Hare 1991

A

psychopaths failed to show normal faster reaction time to emotional words

94
Q

Blair, Budhani, Colledge, Scott (2005)

A

Boys with many psychopathic traits impaired at recognizing fearful vocal affect

95
Q

Patrick et al., 1993

A

psychopaths startle response to stimuli did not differ between neutral, positive or negative

96
Q

Newman et al., 2010

A

emotional deficits in psychopaths can be explained by attention deficit and not due to amygdala mediated deficit

Psychology 331 (10 decks)

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