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Psychology 331 > Intimate Partner Violence > Flashcards

Intimate Partner Violence Flashcards

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1
Q

domestic violence

A

any violence occurring between family members

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2
Q

Intimate partner violence

A

any violence occurring between intimate partners who are living together or are separated
- also called spousal violence

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3
Q

how IPV differs from general violence

A

targeted at specific individuals
- primary (current or former IP), secondary (children, new partner, etc.) victims
close relationship between creates more opportunities for violence to occur
- repetitive and may increase in frequency or severity over course of a relationship

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4
Q

types of IPV

A 
verbal
psychological/ emotional
financial
physical
sexual
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5
Q

measuring IPV

A

conflict tactics scale (CTS) or CTS2
- 39 items into 5 scales
criticisms:
1. Does not include all potential violent acts
2. does not take into account different contexts or consequences of same act for men and women
- ex 40% of women report injury vs 24% men
3. does not access motivation for violence, therefore initiated and responding to violence are treated equally

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6
Q

Straus 2012

A

CTS/CTS2

research should be on reducing all violence not just violence by men

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7
Q

Carney et al., 2007

A

female partner violence occurs at the same rate as male partner violence

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8
Q

Brown (2004)

A

female partner injured - males charged 91%
male partner injured - females charged 60%
no injury, males 52%, females 13%

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9
Q

history of IPV reform

A 
14th century roman catholic church
- encouraged husbands to beat wife out of concern for "spiritual well being"
before 1945
- Rule of Thumb - rod no bigger than base of man's right thumb
- legal and socially acceptable
1970s
- battered women's movement
- exposed failures of law, medicine and society to respond to female victims
- first shelters for battered women
1980s
- change in marital rape laws
- husband could no longer legally rape wife
- charter of rights and freedom
2010s
- other protections
- provincial legislation changes
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10
Q

IPV and Canada

A 
1993 - 51% of women
2018
- 30% of all violent crime
- 45% of violent crime against females
79% of victims are female
- 25-29 at highest risk
- 2x as likely if LGBTQ
- lesbians and bisexual women, 4x more likely than heterosexual
19% of cases reported to police
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11
Q

IPV and pregnancy

A
  • 10% of female victims report violence during pregnancy
  • more likely to escalate and experience all and more severe forms of violence
  • increased risk for pregnancy complications
  • alienation from positive support, increased dependence on perpetrator, increased stress, increased risk for violence
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12
Q

IPV and aboriginal populations

A

report 2x amount of IPV

  • aboriginal women more likely to be victimized
  • more childhood abuse and witness abuse
  • women more likely to contact police than non aboriginal women
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13
Q

is IPV a gendered problem

A

interactive/ mutual violence is common

  • 45.5% of IPV
  • men underreport victimization
  • men more likely to seriously injure female partners
  • women more likely to report fear
  • men more likely to continue or escalate abuse after separation
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14
Q

Minority stress model

A

potential explanation for IPV in LGBTQ populations

  • due to stigma, stress, prejudice, discrimination experienced
  • more stress than other individuals - leads to more instances of violence
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15
Q

IPV and Covid 19

A

caused spike in IPV

- ability to escape abusive situations has reduced

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16
Q

IPV and University students

A
  • female less likely to be perpetrators of serious assault and sexual coercion
  • 29.8% any assault
  • 5.8% serious assault
  • 21.5% any sexually coercive act
  • substance use strongly linked to perpetrating
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17
Q

patriarchy

A

broad set of cultural beliefs and values that support male dominance of women

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18
Q

observational learning

A

learning through watching others

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19
Q

intigators

A

in social learning theory, these events in environment act as stimulus for acquired behaviors

  • aversive - produce emotional arousal
  • incentive - perceived awards for engaging in aggression
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20
Q

regulators

A

in social learning theory, these are consequences of behaviors

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21
Q

evolutionary psychoogy

A

takes evolutionary history of a species into account when understanding a psychological trait and what led to it’s origination, development, and maintenance

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22
Q

Social learning theory and IPV

A

Bandura, then Dutton
- IPV learned through observation, modeling, and reinforcement
instigators
- regulators - external and self punishment
intergenerational transmission of violence hypothesis
– IPV result of observational learning
background situational model
- background factors + proximal factors (instigators) influence expression of IPV

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23
Q

Gondolf (1985)

A

male-emotional funnel system

  • aversive instigators
  • male batters tend to label many emotional states as anger
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24
Q

selective pressure

A

environmental circumstance that presents an opportunity for new genes to develop that give a survival and or reproductive advantage to the individual with the genes

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25
Q

Evolutionary theory for IPV

A

violence to control females and sexual fidelity

  • females with higher mate value than partners are at increased risk for IPV due to superior capacity for leaving relationship, males put at risk for rivals
  • genetics and epigenetics
    • gene that causes stress reactivity and poor self regulation
    • more likely to perpetrate violence towards partners
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26
Q

nested ecological model

A

Dutton
social learning theory
- focuses on relationships between multiple levels and how to operate together to initiate expression of IPV

27
Q

IPV theory solution

A

best understood as result of accumulation of different risk factors in multiple domains

28
Q

why do IPV victims stay

A

environmental barriers
- fear of retaliation
- lack of alternative means of economic support
socialization barriers
- concern for children
- lack of support from family and friends
- fear of losing custody of children associated with divorce
psychological factors
-learned helplessness
- hope that partner will change

also:

  • safer as know what to expect
  • low self esteem
29
Q

Cycle of abuse

A

phase 1: tension building
- anger, blaming, arguments and fighting
phase 2: explosion
- yelling, threats, physical violence, destroying objects, sexual abuse
phase 3: honeymoon phase
- saying sorry, making excuses, promising to change

30
Q

returning to abuser IPV

A 
-70% of women who leave return at least once
reasons:
-31% sake of children
- 24% to give another chance
- 17% promise of change
- 9% lack of money or place to go
- 22% felt safer as knew what to expect
31
Q

family violence and animal maltreatment

A
  • 41% of men arrested for IPV also commit at least one act against animals
  • 1.5% of men general public
  • 72% threatened or harmed pet
  • 54% pets hurt or killed by partner
32
Q

R v. Lavallee

A

1990 batters women syndrome used as murder defense - self defense

33
Q

Flynn (2000)

A

battered women and pets

  • 90% of pet abused were considered emotional support
  • 65% of pet abuse group worried about pets safety
34
Q

family only batterer

A

Male spousal batterer who is typically not violent outside home, does not show much psychopathy and does not possess negative attitudes supportive of violence

35
Q

Dysphoric/ borderline batterer

A

male spousal batterer who exhibits some violence outside family, is depressed, has borderline personality traits, and has problems with jealousy

36
Q

generally violent/ antisocial batterer

A

male spousal batterer, violent outside of home, engages in other criminal acts, has drug and alcohol problems, has impulse control issues, and possesses violence supportive beliefs

37
Q

IPV typologies and research

A

not all perpetrators are same in characteristics and nature of IPV they engage in
- characterological violence
- situational violence
Psychopathology - Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart
Behavioral - Johnson

38
Q

characterological violence

A

stems from desire for power and control

39
Q

situational violence

A

stems from emotional dysregulation and conflict

40
Q

Psychological IPV typology

A

Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart (1994)

  • family only batterer - 50%
  • dysphoric/borderline - 25%
  • antisocial - 25%
41
Q

Behavioral IPV typology

A

Johnson (2008)
- coercive control/ intimate terrorism
–chronic, more severe IPV, escalates over time
— more likely to result in injury
–isolation, intimidation, minimization
Situational couple violence
- arguments escalate into occasional violence
- low frequency IPV
- minor violence
- more likely to be reciprocal and sporadic
separation instigated violence
- moderate to severe
self defense/ violence resistance
- response to coercive control by other partner
- may or may not cause injury

42
Q

Limitations of IPV typologies

A

can aid treatment matching to address specific offender needs
problems with stability
- individuals can change perpetration types and thus ability to inform treatment can be limited

43
Q

Babcock et al., 2003

A

female batterers typology

  • partner only (PO)
    • use reactive violence out of fear and self defense
  • Generally violent (GV)
    • more instrumental violence
    • more traumatic symptoms
    • more abuse from mothers
44
Q

mandatory charging policies

A

gives police authority to lay charges against suspect where there are reasonable and probable grounds to believe domestic assault has occurred
- can be done without victim consent

45
Q

Sherman and Berk (1984)

A 
police responses separation, mediation, arrest
- recidivism rates:
separation 26-28%
mediation 18-37%
arrest 13-19%
  • arrest only works for employed men - only if have something to lose
46
Q

Duluth Model/ derivative

A

domestic abuse intervention project

  • violence by men on women
  • grounded in theory of patriarchal dominance
  • goal is to change behavior via psychoeducation and in group processing and modeling healthy relationships and conflict resolution
  • limited effectiveness, likely due to lack of addressing psychiatric and or substance abuse and trauma history
  • based on feministic model
  • 75% drop out rate
47
Q

couples therapy

A

IPV treatment to improve communication

  • only recommended in situational common-couple violence
  • effective with substance abuse using couples
  • multi-couple group therapy
    • demonstrated success with mild to moderate situational common couple violence
48
Q

group therapy

A
  • group CBT
  • most common
  • battered/ abuse intervention programs
  • violence is learned behavior
  • anger management, communication skills, relaxation techniques
  • most effective if comorbid psychiatric and substance use are also addressed
  • success with CBT and motivational interviewing modalities and in conjunction with individual therapy
49
Q

other interventions for IPV

A
  • medication or hospitalization
  • interpersonal, anger and vocational skills program
  • legal crisis employment counselling
  • restrictions on activity, movement, association or communication for perpetrators
50
Q

criminal harassment

A

crime that involves repeatedly following, communicating with, watching, or threatening a person directly or indirectly

51
Q

restraining order effectiveness

A

low to medium risk of IPV less likely to recidivist if had restraining order than high risk

52
Q

risk assessment for IPV

A 
decision making process through which the best course of action is determined by estimating, identifying, qualifying or quantifying risk
tools:
- Danger assessment (DA)
-DVSI-R (actuarial)
- ODARA
-B-SAFER
-DVRAG (actuarial)
-SARA-V3 (SPJ)
53
Q

DVARG

A
  • predicts future male to female IPV
54
Q

SARA-V3

A
  • predicts future IPV for males or females over 18 years old
55
Q

intimate partner homicide

A

IPH

  • more common among female victims
  • 30-60% of homicides annually
  • 10-25% involve additional victims
  • 30-40% involve perpetrator suicide
56
Q

IPH lethality factors

A 
acute conflict
- stalking, ultimatum
capacity for serious violence
- use of weapons
serious inhibition
-mental state, substance abuse, suicidal thoughts
57
Q

Shaffer et al., 2018

A

young offenders in greater Vancouver and IPV

  • SAVRY, YLS/CMI, and psychopathy
  • problems with tools for IPV - none accurate for youth
  • 62.5% of SARA-V3 empirically supported for youth, 8% promising, 30% possible
  • risk factors missing (parenting, low school safety, neighborhood crime etc.)
  • no protective factors
    • created Youth intimate partner abuse Risk assessment guide (YIPA)
  • SARA-V3 with things added and taken out
58
Q

stalking prevalence

A

men (4%) women (7%)

  • women 15-24 highest rates
  • higher for university students
    • females (9-30%), males (11-17%)
  • women more likely to be harassed by former partners, men acquaintances
59
Q

Kropp, Hart, Lyon (2002)

A

described 4 types of stalkers

60
Q

ex-intimate stalker

A

most common

- engages in stalking after intimate relationship breakup

61
Q

love obsessional stalker

A

rare

- intense emotional feelings for the victim but who has never had an intimate relationship with them

62
Q

delusional stalker

A

rare

  • suffers from delusions and wrongly believes they have relationship with victim
  • often have delusional disorders, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder
63
Q

grudge stalker

A

rare

- knows and is angry at the victim for some perceived injustice

Psychology 331 (10 decks)

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