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Set 1 > set 1.2(General physiology ) > Flashcards

set 1.2(General physiology ) Flashcards

1
Q

Among the following, which will cause edema?
a. Equal pressures exerted by hydrostatic pressures and colloid osmotic pressures in a capillary system
b. A decrease in blood hydrostatic pressure and an increase with interstitial hydrostatic
pressure with equal blood and interstitial colloid osmotic pressures.
c. An increase with blood colloid osmotic pressure and an increase with interstitial
hydrostatic pressure with equal blood hydrostatic pressure and interstitial colloid
osmotic pressure.
d. An increase in the blood hydrostatic pressure and an increase in the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure with equal blood colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure.

A

**d. An increase in the blood hydrostatic pressure and an increase in the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure with equal blood colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure. **

*Edema - Fluid in interstitial tissue

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2
Q

Preload is equivalent to which of the following?
a. It is equivalent to the amount of blood leaving the heart after ventricular contraction
b. It is equivalent to the rate of venous return
c. It is equivalent to the atrial end-diastolic volume
d. It is equivalent to the atrial blood pressure and atrial blood volume

A

b. It is equivalent to the rate of venous return

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3
Q

Which of the following is the function of the CNS?
a. Sends voluntary action to the muscles
b. Sends involuntary action to the organs
c. Autonomic function to organs
d. Processing sensory information

A

**d. Processing sensory information **

a. Sends voluntary action to the muscles (Motor neuron)

b. Sends involuntary action to the organs (Motor neuron)

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4
Q

The following statements are false regarding osteoid. Which is a true statement?
a. It is a highly calcified structure
b. It is an uncalcified bone matrix
c. It is important for cartilage formation
d. It is similar to enamel matrix

A

b. It is an uncalcified bone matrix

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5
Q

All of the following are controlled by the Vagus nerve, except one. Which is it?
a. Blood pressure
b. Intestinal motility
c. Salivary flow
d. Heart rate

A

c. Salivary flow
( CN 9 and CN 7)

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6
Q

Listed below are the possible causes of air embolism that may block the heart chamber. Which is usually not associated?
a. IV fluid administration
b. Dialysis line
c. IM injection
d. Cardiopulmonary bypass

A

c. IM injection

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7
Q

It is the smallest major salivary gland that has a purely mucous secretion
a. Parotid gland
b. Sublingual gland
c. Submandibular gland
d. Pituitary gland

A

b. Sublingual gland

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8
Q

The compression to breath ratio for infants and children when CPR is done by a single rescuer is:
a. 30:2
b. 15:2
c. 30:1
d. 15:1

A

a. 30:2

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9
Q

The compression to breath ratio for infants and children when CPR is done by two rescuers is:
a. 30:2
b. 15:2
c. 30:1
d. 15:1

A

b. 15:2

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10
Q

The compression to breath when doing CPR for adults is:
a. 30:2
b. 15:2
c. 30:1
d. 15:1

A

a. 30:2

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11
Q

When performing one-man E-C clamp technique during CPR, the index and thumb will form a
“C” to then the third, fourth and fifth finger will form an “E” to
a. Exert an upward pressure on the mask: apply pressure on the mandible and lift it
forward.
b. Exert a downward pressure on the mask: apply pressure on the mandible and lift it
forward.
c. Exert an upward pressure on the mask: apply pressure on the mandible and lift it
backward
d. Exert a downward pressure on the mask: apply pressure on the mandible and lift it
backward.

A

b. Exert a downward pressure on the mask: apply pressure on the mandible and lift it
forward.

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12
Q

This is the muscle that pulls the tongue anteriorly
a. Genioglossus
b. Palatoglossus
c. Styloglossus
d. Hyoglossus

A

a. Genioglossus

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13
Q

Removal of this organ may significantly affect the calcium levels in the blood
a. Thyroid gland
b. Liver
c. Salivary glands
d. Gall bladder

A

a. Thyroid gland

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are striated because of _
a. Equal numbers of myosin and actin in a muscle
b. Randomly arranged light and dark bands
c. The presence of troponin and tropomyosin in a linear fashion
d. Alternating and parallel light and dark bands

A

d. Alternating and parallel light and dark bands

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15
Q

The primary refracting structure of the eye is the _
a. Cornea
b. Aqueous humor
c. Lens
d. Vitreous humor

A

a. Cornea

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16
Q

It is not a characteristic of cardiac myocytes
a. Striated
b. Branched
c. Contains many mitochondria
d. Under voluntary control

A

d. Under voluntary control

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17
Q

It is the most numerous cation in the intracellular fluid
a. Potassium
b. Calcium
c. Sodium
d. Chlorine

A

a. Potassium

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18
Q

It is a false statement regarding saltatory conduction
a. Myelinated regions are skipped by the electrical signal
b. It is the propagation of signals in myelinated axons
c. Electrical signals leap in between successive myelin sheath gaps
d. The electrical waveform travels down the entire length of the axon

A

d. The electrical waveform travels down the entire length of the axon

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19
Q

Dietary calcium is primarily absorbed from which of the following segments of the alimentary
canal?
a. Oral cavity
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine

A

c. Small intestine

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20
Q

This phase of the cardiac cycle happens just after aortic valve closes.
a. Isovolumetric relaxation
b. Isovolumetric contraction
c. Systolic ejection
d. Diastolic filling

A

a. Isovolumetric relaxation

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21
Q

It is the transformation of one mature type of cell into another mature type of cell in a tissue. It
is commonly due to adaptation of the tissue associated with chronic irritation.
a. Metaplasia
b. Dysplasia
c. Anaplasia
d. Dysgrasia

A

a. Metaplasia

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22
Q

It is the transformation cells into an abnormal version of itself in response to an inflammation or
irritation.
a. Metaplasia
b. Dysplasia
c. Anaplasia
d. Dysgrasia

A

b. Dysplasia

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23
Q

It refers to the transformation of cells from fully differentiated cells to undifferentiated cells. It is
commonly seen in malignant tissues.
a. Metaplasia
b. Dysplasia
c. Anaplasia
d. Dysgrasia

A

c. Anaplasia

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24
Q

After an embryo has completed the development of all the body organs, it is now known as the
a. Fetus
b. Zygote
c. Blastocyst
d. Ova

A

a. Fetus

b. Zygote (Fertilized egg)
c. Blastocyst (Ball of cells)
d. Ova (egg cell)

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25
Q

The most important neurotransmitter for learning is _
a. Acetylcholine
b. Serotonin
c. Glutamate
d. Dopamine

A

c. Glutamate

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26
Q

The structure in the CNS responsible for the emotions fear and anger
a. Hippocampus
b. Frontal lobe
c. Amygdala
d. Thalamus

A

c. Amygdala

a. Hippocampus (Learning)
d. Thalamus (Relay center)

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27
Q

Excretion of calcium is primarily facilitated by _
a. GI tract
b. Kidney
c. Lungs
d. Liver

A

b. Kidney

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28
Q

During muscular contraction, ATP is the immediate source of energy. However, the ATP pool is
extremely small that is why it must be replenish continuously during muscular function. Which
of the following is not a source for new ATP?
a. Creatine phosphate
b. Glycogen
c. Cellular respiration
d. Lactic acid

A

d. Lactic acid

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29
Q

In a man at rest, the amount of blood which passes through the capillaries of the systemic
circulation per minute is the equal to _
a. The amount of blood passing through the aorta per minute
b. Half the amount of blood passing through the aorta per minute
c. 1/3 of the amount of blood passing through the aorta per minute
d. ¼ the amount of blood passing through the aorta per minute

A

a. The amount of blood passing through the aorta per minute

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30
Q

Most accurate substance responsible for determining the glomerular filtration rate
a. Inulin
b. BUN
c. Creatinine
d. Creatine

A

a. Inulin

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31
Q

The low serum phosphate level in hyperparathyroidism is due to which of the following?
a. Decrease phosphate absorption in the GI tract
b. Increase tubular secretion of phosphate in the renal tubules
c. Increase formation of calcium phosphate deposits in bone
d. Increase phosphate absorption in the GI tract

A

b. Increase tubular secretion of phosphate in the renal tubules

32
Q

Functional unit of compact bone
a. Osteoid
b. Lamellae
c. Canaliculi
d. Osteon

A

d. Osteon/Haversian system

33
Q

Angular cheilitis and glossitis are associated with deficiency of which of the following vitamins?
a. Thiamine
b. Tocopherol
c. Riboflavin
d. Retinol

A

**c. Riboflavin **

a. Thiamine -B1
b. Tocopherol - E
c. Riboflavin -B2
d. Retinol - A

34
Q

How does inadequate insulin levels, such as patients with diabetes mellitus, affect fat
metabolism?
a. Glucose utilization is increased
b. Fat utilization for energy is increased
c. Cholesterol storage is increased
d. None of the above

A

b. Fat utilization for energy is increased

35
Q

When this part of the CNS is inhibited, breathing stops.
a. Hypothalamus
b. Cerebellum
c. Medulla oblongata
d. Midbrain

A

**c. Medulla oblongata **

a. Hypothalamus -Temperature/Hormones
b. Cerebellum - Motor control/Balance
d. Midbrain - eye reflex/startle reflex

36
Q

In the conduction of the cardiac impulse, the fastest rate of conduction is seen in which of the
following?
a. SA node
b. AV node
c. AV bundle (Bundle of His)
d. Left/Right Bundle Branches
e. Purkinje fibers

A

**e. Purkinje fibers **

a. SA node - pacemaker/initiator
b. AV node - slowest
c. AV bundle (Bundle of His)
d. Left/Right Bundle Branches

37
Q

A reflex normally seen in infants in which the big toe lifts and the other toes fan out after the
sole of the foot has been firmly stroked.
a. Babinski reflex
b. Fencing reflex
c. Moro reflex
d. Rooting reflex

A

a. Babinski reflex

38
Q

A reflex normally seen in infants that happens when the baby’s head is turned to one side. It
results to the movement of the arm on that side to stretch out and the opposite arm to bend up
at the elbow.
a. Babinski reflex
b. Fencing reflex
c. Moro reflex
d. Rooting reflex

A

b. Fencing reflex (Tonic neck reflex)

39
Q

A reflex normally seen in infants that happens when he or she is startled or when the baby feels
like he or she is falling. The baby will spread out his or her arms, pull his or her arms back tight
to their chest and starts crying.
a. Babinski reflex
b. Fencing reflex
c. Moro reflex
d. Rooting reflex

A

c. Moro reflex

40
Q

A reflex normally seen in infants that is activated when the baby’s mouth is touched. The baby
will turn his head and open his mouth on the direction of the stimulus.
a. Babinski reflex
b. Fencing reflex
c. Moro reflex
d. Rooting reflex

A

d. Rooting reflex

41
Q

The internal body temperature is regulated by which of the following structures of the CNS?
a. Frontal lobe
b. Midbrain
c. Medulla oblongata
d. Hypothalamus

A

d. Hypothalamus

42
Q

This is the most distal part of the respiratory tract which is not involved in gas exchange
a. Bronchioles
b. Bronchi
c. Terminal Bronchiole
d. Respiratory bronchiole

A

c. Terminal Bronchiole

43
Q

The following are STOP CODONS except one. Which is it?
a. UAA
b. AUG
c. UGA
d. UAG

A

b. AUG - Start codon

44
Q

This is the initial site of gas exchange
a. Bronchioles
b. Alveoli
c. Terminal Bronchiole
d. Respiratory bronchiole

A

**d. Respiratory bronchiole **

b. Alveoli - Main site of gas exchange (Type I)

45
Q

This is the worst thing that can happen to a patient with glaucoma
a. Blurred vision
b. Diplopia
c. Astigmatism
d. Blindness

A

**d. Blindness **

Glaucoma - Tunnel vision

46
Q

Category of an exocrine gland where its secretion is released through sectioning of the cell
including part of the cytoplasm

a. Apocrine
b. Accine
c. Merocrine
d. Holocrine

A

**a. Apocrine **

c. Merocrine - Vesicles only
d. Holocrine - Whole cell/Rupture of cell

47
Q

A postmortem examination to discover the cause of death of a person refers to_
a. Forensic science
b. Biopsy
c. Necrology
d. Autopsy

A

d. Autopsy /Necropsy

48
Q

It is the branch of pathology which deals with the study of disease in a tissue section
a. Cytology
b. Microbiology
c. Pathology
d. Histopathology

A

d. Histopathology

49
Q

It refers to the production of blood cells, which occurs in the red bone marrow
a. Hematocrit
b. Hematopoiesis
c. Heme
d. Hemiplegia

A

b. Hematopoiesis

a. Hematocrit - Ratio of blood cells to blood volume
c. Heme - Component of hemoglobin
d. Hemiplegia - Paralysis of one side of the body (Stroke)

50
Q

It is the cranial nerve that exits at foramen rotundum
a. Ophthalmic
b. Maxillary
c. Mandibular
d. Optic

A

**b. Maxillary **

a. Ophthalmic - SOF
c. Mandibular - Ovale
d. Optic - Optic canal

51
Q

Opening of the rima glottidis (of vocal cords) is done by which of the following muscles?
a. Lateral cricoarytenoid
b. Posterior cricoarytenoid
c. Oblique arytenoid
d. Vocalis

A

b. Posterior cricoarytenoid - Abduction

a. Lateral cricoarytenoid - adductor
c. Oblique arytenoid - adductor

52
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the left by the following, except one:
a. Decrease pH
b. Decrease CO2
c. Decrease temperature
d. Decrease hydrogen ion

A

a. Decrease pH - Acidic

53
Q

Dissociation of oxyhemoglobin is due to the following, except:
a. Activity of carbonic anhydrase
b. Increase oxygen in the tissues
c. Increase temperature
d. Decrease oxygen in the tissues

A

b. Increase oxygen in the tissues

54
Q

Carbon monoxide is a known toxic molecule in the human body. Its toxic effects are primarily
due to _
a. Decreasing the respiratory rate leading to hypoxia
b. Inhibits the dissociation of oxyhemoglobin
c. Combines with hemoglobin to form an abnormal methemoglobin
d. Competes with Oxygen in hemoglobin

A

d. Competes with Oxygen in hemoglobin

55
Q

Amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation
a. Functional residual volume
b. Total lung capacity
c. Residual volume
d. Tidal Volume

A

a. Functional residual volume

56
Q

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation
a. Functional residual volume
b. Total lung capacity
c. Residual volume
d. Tidal Volume

A

c. Residual volume

b. Total lung capacity - Maximum volume of air that have lungs can accumulate (5L)
d. Tidal Volume - Volume of air that can be inhaled/exhaled in one resipiratory cycle (0.5L)

57
Q

Among the following types of nerve fibers, which is responsible for the voluntary regulation of
the skeletal muscle cells?
a. Autonomic nerve fibers
b. Sympathetic nerve fibers
c. Parasympathetic nerve fibers
d. Somatic nerve fibers

A

d. Somatic nerve fibers

58
Q

When a person loss his ability to smell, this part of the brain is damaged
a. Frontal lobe
b. Parietal lobe
c. Occipital lobe
d. Temporal lobe

A

d. Temporal lobe

a. Frontal lobe - Primary cortex; Gustatory cortex; Broca’s area
b. Parietal lobe - Primary somatosensory cortex
c. Occipital lobe - Visual cortex
d. Temporal lobe - Olfactory cortex/Wernicke’s area

59
Q

Hearing loss involves a problem in which segment of the cerebral cortex
a. Frontal lobe
b. Parietal lobe
c. Occipital lobe
d. Temporal lobe

A

d. Temporal lobe

60
Q

Most abundant cell in epidermis
a. Keratinocytes
b. Melanocytes
c. Merkel cells
d. Langerhans cells

A

a. Keratinocytes

b. Melanocytes - Melanin/Moles
c. Merkel cells - Touch
d. Langerhans cells - Phagocytes (Stratum spinosum)

61
Q

These are the contractile or functional units of muscle cells
a. Z-discs
b. Sarcomeres
c. Sarcoplasm
d. Sarcolemma

A

b. Sarcomeres

62
Q

The following are components of the upper respiratory tract, except one. Which is it?
a. Pharynx
b. Nose
c. Sinuses
d. Left and right bronchioles

A

d. Left and right bronchioles

63
Q

The following are components of the lower respiratory tract, except one. Which is it?
a. Trachea
b. Bronchi
c. Bronchioles
d. Larynx

A

d. Larynx

64
Q

Among the following choices, which best describes skeletal muscle cells?
a. Multinucleated
b. Branched
c. Spindle-shape
d. Non-striated

A

a. Multinucleated

b. Branched - Cardiac
c. Spindle-shape -Smooth
d. Non-striated - Smooth

65
Q

Which is not a neurotransmitter?
a. Norepinephrine
b. Acetylcholine
c. Tyrosine
d. GABA

A

c. Tyrosine - Amino acid

66
Q

Cutaneous facial pain is commonly transmitted by which of the following cranial nerves?
a. CN 1
b. CN 3
c. CN 4
d. CN 5

A

d. CN 5

67
Q

This is the most common heart disease in the Philippines
a. Heart attack
b. Ischemic heart disease
c. Congestive heart failure
d. Congenital heart diseases
e. Stroke

A

b. Ischemic heart disease - Atherosclerosis

68
Q

The first 3 stages of migration of WBC into inflamed tissues are the following, except one. Which
is it?
a. Margination
b. Rolling
c. Adhesion
d. Diapedesis

A

d. Diapedesis

69
Q

_is the neurotransmitter stimulated by nitrous oxide to be released in order to inhibit pain signaling
a. Dopamine
b. Serotonin
c. Norepinephrine
d. Glutamate

A

c. Norepinephrine

a. Dopamine - Euphoria
b. Serotonin - Awake
d. Glutamate - Learning

70
Q

The carbon dioxide in the body is primarily transported in the form of?
a. Carbide
b. Carbon monoxide
c. Bicarbonate
d. Hemoglobin

A

c. Bicarbonate

71
Q

Inhalation of spirit of ammonia is effective against syncope because:
a. It directly stimulates the vasomotor centers
b. It directly stimulates the respiratory centers
c. It directly stimulates the vasomotor centers and respiratory centers
d. It irritates the sensory nerve endings of the trigeminal nerve

A

d. It irritates the sensory nerve endings of the trigeminal nerve

72
Q

It is the cellular division of sperm cells and ovum
a. Mitosis
b. Meiosis
c. Binary fission
d. Miosis

A

b. Meiosis

a. Mitosis - Somatic cells
c. Binary fission - Bacteria
d. Miosis - Pupillary constriction

73
Q

Among the following statements, which is not true?
a. The pituitary gland is found at the cranial base
b. Superior to the kidneys are the adrenal glands which secrete steroidal hormones
c. Thyroid gland doesn’t contain any ducts because they are endocrine glands
d. Neck and armpits are the only regions in our body where we can find lymph nodes

A

d. Neck and armpits are the only regions in our body where we can find lymph nodes

74
Q

The following are not uncommonly used to diagnose cancer, except one. Which is it?
a. Snyder test
b. Fine needle aspiration
c. Immunohistochemistry
d. Cytology

A

a. Snyder test - Carrier susceptibility test

75
Q

Calmodulin is the binding site of calcium in skeletal muscle cells, while Troponin is the binding
site of calcium in smooth muscle cells.
a. Both statements are true
b. Both statements are false
c. The first statement is true; the second statement is false
d. The first statement is false; the second statement is true

A

b. Both statements are false

Set 1 (7 decks)

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