set 1.2(General physiology ) Flashcards by Nathaneille Cunanan

Among the following, which will cause edema?
a. Equal pressures exerted by hydrostatic pressures and colloid osmotic pressures in a capillary system
b. A decrease in blood hydrostatic pressure and an increase with interstitial hydrostatic
pressure with equal blood and interstitial colloid osmotic pressures.
c. An increase with blood colloid osmotic pressure and an increase with interstitial
hydrostatic pressure with equal blood hydrostatic pressure and interstitial colloid
osmotic pressure.
d. An increase in the blood hydrostatic pressure and an increase in the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure with equal blood colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure.

**d. An increase in the blood hydrostatic pressure and an increase in the interstitial colloid osmotic pressure with equal blood colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure. **

*Edema - Fluid in interstitial tissue
*Fluid out - Blood hydrostatic pressure
- Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
*Fluid in - Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
- Blood colloid osmotic pressure

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Preload is equivalent to which of the following?
a. It is equivalent to the amount of blood leaving the heart after ventricular contraction
b. It is equivalent to the rate of venous return
c. It is equivalent to the atrial end-diastolic volume
d. It is equivalent to the atrial blood pressure and atrial blood volume

b. It is equivalent to the rate of venous return

*Preload - degree of stretch of cardiac myocytes
- determined by the amount of blood entering the heart (More blood the more na fifill up ang ang ventricles the more na stretch ang ventricles)

*️️⬆️preload = ️⬆️ force of contraction (Frank-starling law)

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Which of the following is the function of the CNS?
a. Sends voluntary action to the muscles
b. Sends involuntary action to the organs
c. Autonomic function to organs
d. Processing sensory information

**d. Processing sensory information **

a. Sends voluntary action to the muscles (Motor neuron)

b. Sends involuntary action to the organs (Motor neuron)

c. Autonomic function to organs
(Motor neuron)

*CNS made up of brain and spinal cord

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The following statements are false regarding osteoid. Which is a true statement?
a. It is a highly calcified structure
b. It is an uncalcified bone matrix
c. It is important for cartilage formation
d. It is similar to enamel matrix

b. It is an uncalcified bone matrix

*Osteoid - bone matrix
*Highly calcified - bone

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All of the following are controlled by the Vagus nerve, except one. Which is it?
a. Blood pressure
b. Intestinal motility
c. Salivary flow
d. Heart rate

c. Salivary flow
( CN 9 and CN 7)
*CN 9 - parotid gland (Salivary gland)
*CN 7 - Sublingal and submandibular gland (Salivary gland)

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Listed below are the possible causes of air embolism that may block the heart chamber. Which is usually not associated?
a. IV fluid administration
b. Dialysis line
c. IM injection
d. Cardiopulmonary bypass

c. IM injection

*Air embolism - bubble in circulatory system/blood vessel
*air in syringe
*Dialysis line - need access in vascular system
*Cardiopulmonary bypass - reroute ang blood supply

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It is the smallest major salivary gland that has a purely mucous secretion
a. Parotid gland
b. Sublingual gland
c. Submandibular gland
d. Pituitary gland

b. Sublingual gland

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The compression to breath ratio for infants and children when CPR is done by a single rescuer is:
a. 30:2
b. 15:2
c. 30:1
d. 15:1

a. 30:2

*30 compressior per 2 breaths

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The compression to breath ratio for infants and children when CPR is done by two rescuers is:
a. 30:2
b. 15:2
c. 30:1
d. 15:1

b. 15:2

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The compression to breath when doing CPR for adults is:
a. 30:2
b. 15:2
c. 30:1
d. 15:1

a. 30:2

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When performing one-man E-C clamp technique during CPR, the index and thumb will form a “C” to then the third, fourth and fifth finger will form an “E” to
a. Exert an upward pressure on the mask: apply pressure on the mandible and lift it
forward.
b. Exert a downward pressure on the mask: apply pressure on the mandible and lift it
forward.
c. Exert an upward pressure on the mask: apply pressure on the mandible and lift it
backward
d. Exert a downward pressure on the mask: apply pressure on the mandible and lift it
backward.

b. Exert a downward pressure on the mask: apply pressure on the mandible and lift it
forward.

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This is the muscle that pulls the tongue anteriorly
a. Genioglossus
b. Palatoglossus
c. Styloglossus
d. Hyoglossus

a. Genioglossus (anteriorly and contralateral)

*b. Palatoglossus (Superiorly)
*c. Styloglossus (Superiorly and posteriorly)
*d. Hyoglossus (inferiorly)

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Removal of this organ may significantly affect the calcium levels in the blood
a. Thyroid gland
b. Liver
c. Salivary glands
d. Gall bladder

a. Thyroid gland
*nadadamay sa thyroid removal -> (Parathyroid gland(affecting calcium level)

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Skeletal muscle cells are striated because of _
a. Equal numbers of myosin and actin in a muscle
b. Randomly arranged light and dark bands
c. The presence of troponin and tropomyosin in a linear fashion
d. Alternating and parallel light and dark bands

d. Alternating and parallel light and dark bands

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The primary refracting structure of the eye is the _
a. Cornea
b. Aqueous humor
c. Lens
d. Vitreous humor

a. Cornea(Nauuna papasukan ng ilaw)

*but all of the above are refracting structure

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It is not a characteristic of cardiac myocytes
a. Striated
b. Branched
c. Contains many mitochondria
d. Under voluntary control

d. Under voluntary control

*Cardiac myocytes - Involuntary

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It is the most numerous cation in the intracellular fluid
a. Potassium
b. Calcium
c. Sodium
d. Chlorine

a. Potassium

*Most numerous cation (+) in ECF -> Sodium
*Most numerous anion ( - )in ECF -> chloride
*Negatively charge ion ICF ->Phosphate

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It is a false statement regarding saltatory conduction
a. Myelinated regions are skipped by the electrical signal
b. It is the propagation of signals in myelinated axons
c. Electrical signals leap in between successive myelin sheath gaps
d. The electrical waveform travels down the entire length of the axon

d. The electrical waveform travels down the entire length of the axon

*Saltatory conduction (may tinatalonan)

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Dietary calcium is primarily absorbed from which of the following segments of the alimentary canal?
a. Oral cavity
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine

c. Small intestine (Most nutrients)

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This phase of the cardiac cycle happens just after aortic valve closes.
a. Isovolumetric relaxation
b. Isovolumetric contraction
c. Systolic ejection
d. Diastolic filling

a. Isovolumetric relaxation

“iso” single or one or equal
“Volume” Blood volume

*Systolic ejection -> Aortic valve closure -> Isovumetric relaxation -> Mitral valve opening -> diastolic filling -> isovolumetric contraction -> aortic valve opening -> systolic ejection
(Cardiac cycle)

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It is the transformation of one mature type of cell into another mature type of cell in a tissue. It is commonly due to adaptation of the tissue associated with chronic irritation.
a. Metaplasia
b. Dysplasia
c. Anaplasia
d. Dysgrasia

a. Metaplasia (Ex. barrett’s esophagus)

*Metaplastic change - the mature cell transforms into another mature cell

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It is the transformation cells into an abnormal version of itself in response to an inflammation or irritation.
a. Metaplasia
b. Dysplasia
c. Anaplasia
d. Dysgrasia

b. Dysplasia (Dysplastic change)
Ex. HPV

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It refers to the transformation of cells from fully differentiated cells to undifferentiated cells. It is commonly seen in malignant tissues.
a. Metaplasia
b. Dysplasia
c. Anaplasia
d. Dysgrasia

c. Anaplasia (Hallmark of malignancy)

*Fully differentiated cell - “mature”
*Undifferentiated cell - “immature”

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After an embryo has completed the development of all the body organs, it is now known as the
a. Fetus
b. Zygote
c. Blastocyst
d. Ova

a. Fetus (Complete organ)

*b. Zygote (Fertilized egg)
*c. Blastocyst (Ball of cells)
*d. Ova (egg cell)

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The most important neurotransmitter for learning is _ a. Acetylcholine b. Serotonin c. Glutamate d. Dopamine

c. Glutamate *D. dopamine - for learning also but most important is glutamate

The structure in the CNS responsible for the emotions fear and anger a. Hippocampus b. Frontal lobe c. Amygdala d. Thalamus

**c. Amygdala** a. Hippocampus (Learning) (Short term memory into long term memory) d. Thalamus (Relay center)

Excretion of calcium is primarily facilitated by _ a. GI tract b. Kidney c. Lungs d. Liver

b. Kidney

During muscular contraction, ATP is the immediate source of energy. However, the ATP pool is extremely small that is why it must be replenish continuously during muscular function. Which of the following is not a source for new ATP? a. Creatine phosphate b. Glycogen c. Cellular respiration d. Lactic acid

d. Lactic acid

In a man at rest, the amount of blood which passes through the capillaries of the systemic circulation per minute is the equal to _ a. The amount of blood passing through the aorta per minute b. Half the amount of blood passing through the aorta per minute c. 1/3 of the amount of blood passing through the aorta per minute d. ¼ the amount of blood passing through the aorta per minute

a. The amount of blood passing through the aorta per minute (at rest)

Most accurate substance responsible for determining the glomerular filtration rate a. Inulin b. BUN c. Creatinine d. Creatine

a. Inulin *BUN and Creatinine(Most common) also

The low serum phosphate level in hyperparathyroidism is due to which of the following? a. Decrease phosphate absorption in the GI tract b. Increase tubular secretion of phosphate in the renal tubules c. Increase formation of calcium phosphate deposits in bone d. Increase phosphate absorption in the GI tract

b. Increase tubular secretion of phosphate in the renal tubules

Functional unit of compact bone a. Osteoid b. Lamellae c. Canaliculi d. Osteon

d. Osteon/Haversian system

Angular cheilitis and glossitis are associated with deficiency of which of the following vitamins? a. Thiamine b. Tocopherol c. Riboflavin d. Retinol

**c. Riboflavin ** a. Thiamine -B1 b. Tocopherol - E c. Riboflavin -B2 d. Retinol - A

How does inadequate insulin levels, such as patients with diabetes mellitus, affect fat metabolism? a. Glucose utilization is increased b. Fat utilization for energy is increased c. Cholesterol storage is increased d. None of the above

b. Fat utilization for energy is increased *️⬇️ glucose = ️⬆️ fat utilization

When this part of the CNS is inhibited, breathing stops. a. Hypothalamus b. Cerebellum c. Medulla oblongata d. Midbrain

**c. Medulla oblongata ** (Respiratory center) a. Hypothalamus -Temperature/Hormones b. Cerebellum - Motor control/Balance d. Midbrain - eye reflex/startle reflex

In the conduction of the cardiac impulse, the fastest rate of conduction is seen in which of the following? a. SA node b. AV node c. AV bundle (Bundle of His) d. Left/Right Bundle Branches e. Purkinje fibers

**e. Purkinje fibers ** a. SA node - pacemaker/initiator b. AV node - slowest c. AV bundle (Bundle of His) d. Left/Right Bundle Branches e. Purkinje fibers >>>>>in order

A reflex normally seen in infants in which the big toe lifts and the other toes fan out after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. a. Babinski reflex b. Fencing reflex c. Moro reflex d. Rooting reflex

a. Babinski reflex

A reflex normally seen in infants that happens when the baby’s head is turned to one side. It results to the movement of the arm on that side to stretch out and the opposite arm to bend up at the elbow. a. Babinski reflex b. Fencing reflex c. Moro reflex d. Rooting reflex

b. Fencing reflex (Tonic neck reflex)

A reflex normally seen in infants that happens when he or she is startled or when the baby feels like he or she is falling. The baby will spread out his or her arms, pull his or her arms back tight to their chest and starts crying. a. Babinski reflex b. Fencing reflex c. Moro reflex d. Rooting reflex

c. Moro reflex

A reflex normally seen in infants that is activated when the baby’s mouth is touched. The baby will turn his head and open his mouth on the direction of the stimulus. a. Babinski reflex b. Fencing reflex c. Moro reflex d. Rooting reflex

d. Rooting reflex

The internal body temperature is regulated by which of the following structures of the CNS? a. Frontal lobe b. Midbrain c. Medulla oblongata d. Hypothalamus

d. Hypothalamus

This is the most distal part of the respiratory tract which is not involved in gas exchange a. Bronchioles b. Bronchi c. Terminal Bronchiole d. Respiratory bronchiole

c. Terminal Bronchiole

The following are STOP CODONS except one. Which is it? a. UAA b. AUG c. UGA d. UAG

b. AUG - Start codon

This is the initial site of gas exchange a. Bronchioles b. Alveoli c. Terminal Bronchiole d. Respiratory bronchiole

**d. Respiratory bronchiole ** b. Alveoli - Main site of gas exchange (Type I Pneumocytes)

This is the worst thing that can happen to a patient with glaucoma a. Blurred vision b. Diplopia c. Astigmatism d. Blindness

**d. Blindness ** Glaucoma - Tunnel vision

Category of an exocrine gland where its secretion is released through sectioning of the cell including part of the cytoplasm a. Apocrine b. Accine c. Merocrine d. Holocrine

**a. Apocrine ** c. Merocrine - Vesicles only d. Holocrine - Whole cell/Rupture of cell

A postmortem examination to discover the cause of death of a person refers to_ a. Forensic science b. Biopsy c. Necrology d. Autopsy

d. Autopsy /Necropsy

It is the branch of pathology which deals with the study of disease in a tissue section a. Cytology b. Microbiology c. Pathology d. Histopathology

d. Histopathology

It refers to the production of blood cells, which occurs in the red bone marrow a. Hematocrit b. Hematopoiesis c. Heme d. Hemiplegia

**b. Hematopoiesis** a. Hematocrit - Ratio of blood cells to blood volume c. Heme - Component of hemoglobin d. Hemiplegia - Paralysis of one side of the body (Stroke) *️⬆️ hematocrit - Dehydration - Polycythemia vera *️⬇️ hematocrit - Overhydrated - Chronic inflammation

It is the cranial nerve that exits at foramen rotundum a. Ophthalmic b. Maxillary c. Mandibular d. Optic

**b. Maxillary ** a. Ophthalmic - Superior Orbital Fissure c. Mandibular - Ovale d. Optic - Optic canal

Opening of the rima glottidis (of vocal cords) is done by which of the following muscles? a. Lateral cricoarytenoid b. Posterior cricoarytenoid c. Oblique arytenoid d. Vocalis

b. Posterior cricoarytenoid - Abduction(Open) a. Lateral cricoarytenoid - adductor (Close) c. Oblique arytenoid - adductor(Close) *another adductor(Close) = transverse arytenoid

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to the left by the following, except one: a. Decrease pH b. Decrease CO2 c. Decrease temperature d. Decrease hydrogen ion

a. Decrease pH - Acidic *Oxyhemoglobin dissociation ️️ *⬆️Partial oxygen pressure -> ️⬆️Oxyhemoglobin saturation * " It is right to exercise" = when we exercise the curve shifts to the right side( ⬇️affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin(Oxygen going to the tissues)(⬆️oxygen distribution to the tissues) -⬆️Co2 -> ️ -⬆️acidity/⬇️ph -⬆️H+ -⬆️2,3-DPG -⬆️Body temperature *Shift to the left -⬇️Co2 -> ️ -⬇️acidity/⬆️ph -⬇️H+ -⬇️2,3-DPG -⬇️Body temperature*

Dissociation of oxyhemoglobin is due to the following, except: a. Activity of carbonic anhydrase b. Increase oxygen in the tissues c. Increase temperature d. Decrease oxygen in the tissues

b. Increase oxygen in the tissues *Dissociation of oxyhemoglobin = "Naghihiwalay" -> going to the tissues *If tissues are full of oxygen di nila kailangan ng additional oxygen therefore there will be less dissociation of oxyhemoglobin

Carbon monoxide is a known toxic molecule in the human body. Its toxic effects are primarily due to _ a. Decreasing the respiratory rate leading to hypoxia b. Inhibits the dissociation of oxyhemoglobin c. Combines with hemoglobin to form an abnormal methemoglobin d. Competes with Oxygen in hemoglobin

d. Competes with Oxygen in hemoglobin *hemeglobin more attracted to the Carbon monoxide(200x affinity) than the oxygen

Amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation a. Functional residual volume b. Total lung capacity c. Residual volume d. Tidal Volume

a. Functional residual volume

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation a. Functional residual volume b. Total lung capacity c. Residual volume d. Tidal Volume

c. Residual volume *b. Total lung capacity - Maximum volume of air that have lungs can accomodate (5L) *d. Tidal Volume - Volume of air that can be inhaled/exhaled in one resipiratory cycle (0.5L/500ml)

Among the following types of nerve fibers, which is responsible for the voluntary regulation of the skeletal muscle cells? a. Autonomic nerve fibers b. Sympathetic nerve fibers c. Parasympathetic nerve fibers d. Somatic nerve fibers

d. Somatic nerve fibers a. Autonomic nerve fibers b. Sympathetic nerve fibers c. Parasympathetic nerve fibers (Synanymous/same)

When a person loss his ability to smell, this part of the brain is damaged a. Frontal lobe b. Parietal lobe c. Occipital lobe d. Temporal lobe

d. Temporal lobe (Better answer) or a. Frontal lobe a. Frontal lobe - Primary motor cortex; Gustatory cortex(taste perception); Broca's area(production of speech) b. Parietal lobe - Primary somatosensory cortex (Somato = mechanical;sensory) c. Occipital lobe - Visual cortex d. Temporal lobe - Olfactory cortex/Wernicke's area(speech comprehension) *pain upon gargling what part of the brain is the the problem? = Parietal lobe(Sematosensory)

Hearing loss involves a problem in which segment of the cerebral cortex a. Frontal lobe b. Parietal lobe c. Occipital lobe d. Temporal lobe

d. Temporal lobe

Most abundant cell in epidermis a. Keratinocytes b. Melanocytes c. Merkel cells d. Langerhans cells

a. Keratinocytes b. Melanocytes - Melanin/Moles c. Merkel cells - Touch d. Langerhans cells - Phagocytes (Stratum spinosum)

These are the contractile or functional units of muscle cells a. Z-discs b. Sarcomeres c. Sarcoplasm d. Sarcolemma

b. Sarcomeres (z disk to z disk)

The following are components of the upper respiratory tract, except one. Which is it? a. Pharynx b. Nose c. Sinuses d. Left and right bronchioles

d. Left and right bronchioles ( inside of the lungs) *Part of upper resipiratory tract Pharynx, Nose , Sinuses, larynx

The following are components of the lower respiratory tract, except one. Which is it? a. Trachea b. Bronchi c. Bronchioles d. Larynx

d. Larynx *Lower respiratory tract (lahat ng pumasok sa lungs) *Alveolar ducts, alveoli. Trachea ,Bronchi, Bronchioles

Among the following choices, which best describes skeletal muscle cells? a. Multinucleated b. Branched c. Spindle-shape d. Non-striated

a. Multinucleated b. Branched - Cardiac (Humans - single polypoid nucleus(Usually) c. Spindle-shape -Smooth d. Non-striated - Smooth

Which is not a neurotransmitter? a. Norepinephrine b. Acetylcholine c. Tyrosine d. GABA

c. Tyrosine - Amino acid

Cutaneous facial pain is commonly transmitted by which of the following cranial nerves? a. CN 1 b. CN 3 c. CN 4 d. CN 5

d. CN 5

This is the most common heart disease in the Philippines a. Heart attack b. Ischemic heart disease c. Congestive heart failure d. Congenital heart diseases e. Stroke

b. Ischemic heart disease - Atherosclerosis

The first 3 stages of migration of WBC into inflamed tissues are the following, except one. Which is it? a. Margination b. Rolling c. Adhesion d. Diapedesis

d. Diapedesis *1st step - Margination (going to the margin of blood vessel 2nd step - Rolling ( going to the nearest wall of the destination) 3rd step - Adhesion (the WBC attached itself into the wall of vessel 4th step - diapedesis (from the going to the other side/infected site)

_is the neurotransmitter stimulated by nitrous oxide to be released in order to inhibit pain signaling a. Dopamine b. Serotonin c. Norepinephrine d. Glutamate

c. Norepinephrine (will cause analgesic effect) a. Dopamine - Euphoria b. Serotonin - Awake d. Glutamate - Learning

The carbon dioxide in the body is primarily transported in the form of? a. Carbide b. Carbon monoxide c. Bicarbonate d. Hemoglobin

c. Bicarbonate( HCO3-)

Inhalation of spirit of ammonia is effective against syncope because: a. It directly stimulates the vasomotor centers b. It directly stimulates the respiratory centers c. It directly stimulates the vasomotor centers and respiratory centers d. It irritates the sensory nerve endings of the trigeminal nerve

d. It irritates the sensory nerve endings of the trigeminal nerve *Spirit of amonia = stimulated the nerve ending(Painful) CN5

It is the cellular division of sperm cells and ovum a. Mitosis b. Meiosis c. Binary fission d. Miosis

b. Meiosis a. Mitosis - Somatic cells c. Binary fission - Bacteria d. Miosis - Pupillary constriction

Among the following statements, which is not true? a. The pituitary gland is found at the cranial base b. Superior to the kidneys are the adrenal glands which secrete steroidal hormones c. Thyroid gland doesn’t contain any ducts because they are endocrine glands d. Neck and armpits are the only regions in our body where we can find lymph nodes

d. Neck and armpits are the only regions in our body where we can find lymph nodes

The following are not uncommonly used to diagnose cancer, except one. Which is it? a. Snyder test b. Fine needle aspiration c. Immunohistochemistry d. Cytology

a. Snyder test - caries susceptibility test *Not uncommonly => commonly

Calmodulin is the binding site of calcium in skeletal muscle cells, while Troponin is the binding site of calcium in smooth muscle cells. a. Both statements are true b. Both statements are false c. The first statement is true; the second statement is false d. The first statement is false; the second statement is true

b. Both statements are false