Session memory

Question 1

What is memory and identity?

Answer 1

Memory makes us who we (think) we are, memory of past episodes provides a sense of personal identity

Self-schema affects attention, behavior, devisions, creation of new memories –> in order to maintain itself, it is self-perpetuating

e.g. if you regards yourself as an athletic person you are more likely to engage in physical activity, but also to vividly remember yourself engaged in physical activity

Question 2

Which 2 ‘Self’s’ do you have?

Answer 2

1. Experiencing self

2. Remembering self

Question 3

What is the experiencing self?

Answer 3

Constant stream of transient mental states “How do I remember this lecture?”

Question 4

What is the remembering self?

Answer 4

Collect snapshots of important moments “How did I experience last weeks lecture?”

Question 5

Which self is superior?

Answer 5

The remembering self is superior

Question 6

What happens with reconstruction?

Answer 6

With reconstruction you fill in the gaps with the remembering self

Question 7

What are biases in reconstructing memory?

Answer 7

• Better memory for events at the start (primacy) and end (recency) of an experience.

Ezelsbruggetje P komt eerder in het alfabet dan de R (primacy & recency)

Question 8

What are peak-moments in memory?

Answer 8

Heights intensity of emotion

Question 9

What is duration neglect in memory?

Answer 9

No effect of duration on rating of total experience

Question 10

What is the peak-end rule in memory?

Answer 10

An event is not judged by the entirety of an experience, but by pleasure/pain during peak and end of an experience

Question 11

What is the primacy/recency effect?

Answer 11

Is the observation that info presented at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a learning episode tends to be retained better than info presented in the middle

Question 12

What is the definition of memory in cognitive psychology?

Answer 12

The cognitive process through which new info is encoded, stored and retrieved

Question 13

What does the multi-store model of memory looks like?

Answer 13

Sensory stores – attention –> short-term store –
| |
| |
V V
Decay Displacement

rehearsal --> long-term store 
                               |
                               |
                              V
                       Interference

Question 14

To which theory did the multi-store model of memory belong to?

Answer 14

Attkinson-shiffrin theory of memory (1968)

Question 15

What is Iconic memory?

Answer 15

• Visual sensory store: memory system that briefly holds visual info
• Decays in about 300ms - 1 sec
• Ezelsbruggetje: EYEconic

Question 16

What is echoic memory?

Answer 16

Auditory sensory store: memory system that briefly holds visual information

Can last up to 10 seconds.

ezelsbruggetje: ehoic –> echo (geluid) dus auditory

Question 17

What is haptic memory?

Answer 17

Tactile sensory store

Question 18

How can sensory info be transferred to the short-term memory / working memory?

Answer 18

through attention

Question 19

What is the process of short-term memory?

Answer 19

• Encoding
• Maintenance
• Retrieval (ophalen)

Question 20

What types of coding do you have to maintain the short-term memory?

Answer 20

1. Phonological coding

2. Visual coding

Question 21

What is phonological coding?

Answer 21

Acoustic coding keep repeating the number

Ezelsbruggetje: PHONE so, number.

Question 22

What is visual coding?

Answer 22

You visualizations it. Both verbal and visual info can be coded visually

Question 23

What is the memory span?

Answer 23

The maximum number of items someone can remember. This is an individual difference

Question 24

What is the digit span?

Answer 24

How many digits we can remember. Approx. 7 +- items (miller, 1956) - the magic number 7

Question 25

what is chunking and where do we use it for?

Answer 25

We use it for short term memory maintenance. And it is the recoding of material into larger, meaningful units and storing those inputs in the STM.
We remember 7 +- 2 chunks

Question 26

What is Baddeley’s theory of the working memory?

Answer 26

• More modern conception of short term / working memory
• Short term memory is not only for storage, but for actively operating on the information –> Working!
• Problem solving and working memory are closely related (i.e. mental arithmetic)

Question 27

Of what does long-term memory exist? The two major subdivisions

Answer 27

1. Explicit memory

2. Implicit memory

Question 28

What is explicit memory?

Answer 28

Conscious thought - such as recalling who came to dinner last night (remembering what)

Question 29

What is implicit memory?

Answer 29

Unconscious. Uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them (remembering how)

Question 30

Of what does explicit memory exist? (the model)

Answer 30

1. Declarative memory
   - Episodic memory
   - Semantic memory

Question 31

What is declarative memory?

Answer 31

Facts, events, that can be consciously recalled

Question 32

What is episodic memory?

Answer 32

Events, experiences. Is a person’s unique experience of a memory of a specific event, will be different than someone else’s (e.g. where was I at 9/11?)

Question 33

What is semantic memory?

Answer 33

Facts, concepts. common knowledge such as the names of colors.

Question 34

Of what does implicit memory exist?

Answer 34

Procedural memory

Question 35

What is procedural memory?

Answer 35

Skills, tasks

Question 36

What are different theories about losing information/forgetting?

Answer 36

1. Decay: memory fades away
2. Displacement: new Information pushes out old
3. Interference: info gets confused with already stored info

Question 37

What is the most common cause of forgetting and remembering in long-term memory?

Answer 37

Failure of retrieval (tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)

Question 38

What is retrieval cue?

Answer 38

recognizing an item stored in LTM can trigger further retrieval

Question 39

How do you make your design LTM friendlY?

Answer 39

1. Attach meaning: semantic is superior to perceptual processing.
2. Connect: new info to already stored info (metaphors, analogy etc.)

Use retrieval cues, easy to remember, intuitive and short

Question 40

What is semantic processing?

Answer 40

the processing that occurs after we hear a word and encode its meaning

Question 41

What is perceptual processing?

Answer 41

Process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information

Question 42

What is the conclusion of the research of Sparrow et al. (2011)?

Answer 42

Participants were better in remembering theme of the folder in which condition 2 statement was saved, than in remembering the content of condition 3 statement was erased.