Session memory Flashcards
What is memory and identity?
Memory makes us who we (think) we are, memory of past episodes provides a sense of personal identity
Self-schema affects attention, behavior, devisions, creation of new memories –> in order to maintain itself, it is self-perpetuating
e.g. if you regards yourself as an athletic person you are more likely to engage in physical activity, but also to vividly remember yourself engaged in physical activity
Which 2 ‘Self’s’ do you have?
- Experiencing self
2. Remembering self
What is the experiencing self?
Constant stream of transient mental states “How do I remember this lecture?”
What is the remembering self?
Collect snapshots of important moments “How did I experience last weeks lecture?”
Which self is superior?
The remembering self is superior
What happens with reconstruction?
With reconstruction you fill in the gaps with the remembering self
What are biases in reconstructing memory?
- Better memory for events at the start (primacy) and end (recency) of an experience.
Ezelsbruggetje P komt eerder in het alfabet dan de R (primacy & recency)
What are peak-moments in memory?
Heights intensity of emotion
What is duration neglect in memory?
No effect of duration on rating of total experience
What is the peak-end rule in memory?
An event is not judged by the entirety of an experience, but by pleasure/pain during peak and end of an experience
What is the primacy/recency effect?
Is the observation that info presented at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a learning episode tends to be retained better than info presented in the middle
What is the definition of memory in cognitive psychology?
The cognitive process through which new info is encoded, stored and retrieved
What does the multi-store model of memory looks like?
Sensory stores – attention –> short-term store –
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V V
Decay Displacement
rehearsal --> long-term store
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Interference
To which theory did the multi-store model of memory belong to?
Attkinson-shiffrin theory of memory (1968)
What is Iconic memory?
- Visual sensory store: memory system that briefly holds visual info
- Decays in about 300ms - 1 sec
- Ezelsbruggetje: EYEconic
What is echoic memory?
Auditory sensory store: memory system that briefly holds visual information
Can last up to 10 seconds.
ezelsbruggetje: ehoic –> echo (geluid) dus auditory
What is haptic memory?
Tactile sensory store
How can sensory info be transferred to the short-term memory / working memory?
through attention
What is the process of short-term memory?
- Encoding
- Maintenance
- Retrieval (ophalen)
What types of coding do you have to maintain the short-term memory?
- Phonological coding
2. Visual coding
What is phonological coding?
Acoustic coding keep repeating the number
Ezelsbruggetje: PHONE so, number.
What is visual coding?
You visualizations it. Both verbal and visual info can be coded visually
What is the memory span?
The maximum number of items someone can remember. This is an individual difference
What is the digit span?
How many digits we can remember. Approx. 7 +- items (miller, 1956) - the magic number 7
what is chunking and where do we use it for?
We use it for short term memory maintenance. And it is the recoding of material into larger, meaningful units and storing those inputs in the STM.
We remember 7 +- 2 chunks
What is Baddeley’s theory of the working memory?
- More modern conception of short term / working memory
- Short term memory is not only for storage, but for actively operating on the information –> Working!
- Problem solving and working memory are closely related (i.e. mental arithmetic)
Of what does long-term memory exist? The two major subdivisions
- Explicit memory
2. Implicit memory
What is explicit memory?
Conscious thought - such as recalling who came to dinner last night (remembering what)
What is implicit memory?
Unconscious. Uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them (remembering how)
Of what does explicit memory exist? (the model)
- Declarative memory
- Episodic memory
- Semantic memory
What is declarative memory?
Facts, events, that can be consciously recalled
What is episodic memory?
Events, experiences. Is a person’s unique experience of a memory of a specific event, will be different than someone else’s (e.g. where was I at 9/11?)
What is semantic memory?
Facts, concepts. common knowledge such as the names of colors.
Of what does implicit memory exist?
Procedural memory
What is procedural memory?
Skills, tasks
What are different theories about losing information/forgetting?
- Decay: memory fades away
- Displacement: new Information pushes out old
- Interference: info gets confused with already stored info
What is the most common cause of forgetting and remembering in long-term memory?
Failure of retrieval (tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)
What is retrieval cue?
recognizing an item stored in LTM can trigger further retrieval
How do you make your design LTM friendlY?
- Attach meaning: semantic is superior to perceptual processing.
- Connect: new info to already stored info (metaphors, analogy etc.)
Use retrieval cues, easy to remember, intuitive and short
What is semantic processing?
the processing that occurs after we hear a word and encode its meaning
What is perceptual processing?
Process of selecting, organizing and interpreting information
What is the conclusion of the research of Sparrow et al. (2011)?
Participants were better in remembering theme of the folder in which condition 2 statement was saved, than in remembering the content of condition 3 statement was erased.
