Motivation & Emotion Flashcards
What is motivation?
- Condition that energizes behavior (effort, internal force) and gives direction
- It is often experienced as conscious desire but can remain subconscious
- Often controllable by a conscious choice
- Influenced by multiple factors, both internal and external
What is the instinct theory of William James of motivation?
- Certain behaviors are completely determined by innate biological factors
- Instinct is a term used in ethology in the sense of fixed action patterns of species (e.g. bird migration)
- E.g. curiosity, maternal instinct
What is the drive theory of Hull&Spence of motivation?
- People are driven by biological drives or Neds, the goal is drive reduction
- Homeostasis: organisms seek a balanced condition of the body
- Similar to a thermostat
What is the psychodynamic theory of Sigmund Freud of motivation?
- Motivation arises from unconscious desire
- Sex, aggression, mental illness
Explain Maslows hierarchy of needs?
- Self-actualization: achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities
- Esteem needs: prestige feeling of accomplishments
- Belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships friends
- Safety needs: Security, safety
- Physiological needs: food, water, warmth, rest.
- Wi-FI?
- Battery-life?
Which two motivation types do you have?
- Intrinsic motivation
- Extrinsic motivation
What is intrinsic motivation?
the desire to engage in an activity for its own sake rather than for some external consequences. The activity itself is the rewards
What is extrinsic motivation?
The desire to engage in an activity to achieve/avoid an external consequence, such as reward/punishment/threat/compensation. Disappears when external trigger is removed.
What is over justification in motivation?
Occurs when a reward is given without regard for quality of performance
Intrinsic motivation turns into extrinsic
What is internalization of extrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic motivation turns into intrinsic motivation.
For example: your employer helps stir up your intrinsic motivation by providing extrinsic motivation
What is the self-determination theory of Ryan & Deci of motivation?
Three intrinsic human needs:
- need for autonomy: agency, control
- Need for competence: challenge and feelings of mastery
- Need for relatedness: maintaining close and meaningful relationships
Psychological well-being decent on satisfaction of these 3 needs.
What is the uses and gratifications theory of Katz et al. of motivation?
Conscious process, people are aware of their needs
Of what three needs does the gratifications theory of Katz et al. exists of?
- cognitive needs
- Affective needs
- Social-interaction needs
What are cognitive needs?
Need for knowledge, information, etc.
What are affective needs?
mood management, recreation, entertainment, escapism
What are social-interaction needs?
social contact, par asocial relationships
What is hedonic motivation?
The need for fun, arousal, excitement, positive valence when consuming media
for example: the movie La La Land
What is eudaemonic motivation?
The need for meaningfulness, personal growth. Sense of purpose in life, being moved, feelings of elevation, artistic value.
Explains the entertainment value of negative salience
Dus bijv ook een verdrietige film
What is emotion?
brief, multicomponent affective response to some change in the way people evaluate and interpret their current circumstances
What are the basic components of emotion?
- Physiological arousal
- Cognitive appraisal (personal interpretation of a situation)
- Subjective experiences
What is the James-Lange physiological theory?
Stimulus –> physiological reaction –> emotional experience
What is the Lazarus cognitive appraisal theory?
Stimulus –> cognitive appraisal (personal interpretation of the situation) –> emotional experience/physiological experience
Met deze theorie is Elger het eens.
What is the model of the cognitive appraisal theory of Lazarus?
Stimulus –> Appraisal process –> Appraisal outcome
Appraisal outcome exists of:
- Action tendencies
- Subjective experience (feeling)
- Internal bodily changes & facial expression
Subjective experience (feeling) –> coping activities
What is the discrete emotions approach?
- There is a small number of basic emotions
- Each basic emotion is specific and has a strict physiological pattern
- Emotion serve evolutionary functions
- Complex emotions are made of basic emotions
What are our basic emotions?
- Happiness
- Disgust
- Fear
- Anger
- Surprise
- Sadness
What is the dimensional approach?
All emotions can be mapped onto two (or more) dimensions
What is the mood management theory of Zillmann?
- People select media to regulate their emotions
- People may use media to rebound from negative emotions more quickly
e.g. social comparison theory
What is the social comparison theory
Seeing someone’s suffering (in a sad movie) relativizes our own suffering
What is arousal?
Intense emotional experiences / messages are better remembered. But, central points are remembered less important details are forgotten.
What is the 2-3 minutes effect in arousal?
After emotionally intense news, information processing is lowered for 2-3 minutes
What are the affect of arousal on sharing?
The more intense the emotional experience or greater the emotional disruption, the more likely it is to be socially shared
