Session learning Flashcards
How can you define learning/conditioning?
Defined as relatively permanent change in behavior that is the results of experience or practice
What are types of learning (the schema)?
- Non-associative –> Habituation
- Associative –> Classical –> instrumental conditioning
- Complex learning
What is non-associative learning?
Learning form repeated exposure to a single stimulus
What is habituation in non-associative learning?
Behavioral responses to innocuous (not harmful), irrelevant stimuli decrease over repeated exposure.
e.g. banner blindness, living close to an airport
What is a famous experiment for classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with dog’s salvation response to food
What is conditioning in classical conditioning?
repeatedly paring a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus (bell - food). Also called reinforces trial, or acquisition. Sometimes one paring enough
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning?
A stimulus that automatically elicits a response without prior learning (food)
What is an unconditioned response (UR) in classical conditioning?
Unlearned, automatically occurring reponse to a stimulus (salvation to food)
What is a neutral stimulus (NS) in classical conditioning?
A stimulus that originally does not trigger any strong response (e.g. bell sound)
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?
A stimulus that after conditioning triggers a response (bell itself triggers salvation)
What is a conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?
The result of conditioning, a response to previously neutral stimulus (salvation to bell)
What happens in second order condition of classical conditioning?
pairing a neutral stimulus (light) with a conditioned stimulus (bell)
What is meant with extinction in classical conditioning?
In the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (food), repeated presentation of the conditional stimulus (bell) alone with result the gradual disappearance or extinction of its conditional response (salvation in response to bell)
What is the difference between classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning?
classical conditioning is based on already existing responses, it is about learning the co-occurence of events
Instrumental conditioning is about learning new things, and the relationship between responses and their outcomes
What is thorndike’s law of effect?
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
What are the 4 phases in skinners experiments with conditioning?
- pre-conditioning
- Conditioning (aquisition)
- post-conditioning
- extinction
What happens during pre-conditioning in skinners experiment?
Baseline rate: animal explores the box it pushes the lever (button) now and then
What happens during conditioning in skinners experiment?
whenever it pushes the button, it gets food. It increases the rate of response
What happens during post conditioning in skinners experiment?
rate of response: the frequency with which the animal executes the response
What happens during extinction in skinners experiment?
if no food is coming after pressing, the rate of response decreases after a while
In the model of types of reinforcement what are the 4 stimulus categories?
- Pleasant stimulus
- Unpleasant stimulus
- Delivery of the stimulus following a response
- Removal of stimulus following a response
What happens when you have a pleasant stimulus and the delivery of the stimulus following a response?
Adding a pleasant stimulus
Positive reinforcement; reward.
Increases the rate of response
What happens when you have an unpleasant stimulus and the delivery of the stimulus following a response?
Adding an unpleasant stimulus
Punishment.
Decreases the rate of respond
What happens when you have a pleasant stimulus and removal of the stimulus following a response?
Removal of a pleasant stimulus
Ommision training, penalty
Decreases the rate of the response
What happens when you have an unpleasant stimulus and removal of the stimulus following a response?
Removal of an unpleasant stimulus
Negative reinforcement, relief
Increases the rate of the response
What are primary and secondary reinforcers in conditioning?
- Primary reinforcers: satisfy basic biologic drivers (food, etc.)
- Secondary reinforcers: are reinforcers that have been (classically) conditioned with a primary one
What is partial reinforcement?
Skinner found that the rats of response increased even higher when not every button pushing followed by food (partial reinforcement)
What are the four categories in the partial reinforcement schedule?
- Fixed (left): number of times or amount of time that passes is set
- Variable (left): number of times or amount of time that passes is random
- Interval (top): an amount of time Neds to be passed before reinforcement
- Ratio (top): behavior needs to occur a number of times before reinforcement
What happens when you combine fixed and interval in the partial reinforcement schedule?
Fixed interval schedules: reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of times elapsed since the last reinforcement
What happens when you combine variable and interval in the partial reinforcement schedule?
Variable interval: reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement, with the duration of the interval varying unpredictably
What happens when you combine fixed and ratio in the partial reinforcement schedule?
Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses
What happens when you combine variable and ratio in the partial reinforcement schedule?
Variable ratio: reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses, with the number varying unpredictably
Which schedule evokes the highest response rate in the partial reinforcement schedule?
the variable ratio schedule
