Session learning

Question 1

How can you define learning/conditioning?

Answer 1

Defined as relatively permanent change in behavior that is the results of experience or practice

Question 2

What are types of learning (the schema)?

Answer 2

1. Non-associative –> Habituation
2. Associative –> Classical –> instrumental conditioning
3. Complex learning

Question 3

What is non-associative learning?

Answer 3

Learning form repeated exposure to a single stimulus

Question 4

What is habituation in non-associative learning?

Answer 4

Behavioral responses to innocuous (not harmful), irrelevant stimuli decrease over repeated exposure.

e.g. banner blindness, living close to an airport

Question 5

What is a famous experiment for classical conditioning?

Answer 5

Ivan Pavlov’s experiment with dog’s salvation response to food

Question 6

What is conditioning in classical conditioning?

Answer 6

repeatedly paring a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus (bell - food). Also called reinforces trial, or acquisition. Sometimes one paring enough

Question 7

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning?

Answer 7

A stimulus that automatically elicits a response without prior learning (food)

Question 8

What is an unconditioned response (UR) in classical conditioning?

Answer 8

Unlearned, automatically occurring reponse to a stimulus (salvation to food)

Question 9

What is a neutral stimulus (NS) in classical conditioning?

Answer 9

A stimulus that originally does not trigger any strong response (e.g. bell sound)

Question 10

What is a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?

Answer 10

A stimulus that after conditioning triggers a response (bell itself triggers salvation)

Question 11

What is a conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?

Answer 11

The result of conditioning, a response to previously neutral stimulus (salvation to bell)

Question 12

What happens in second order condition of classical conditioning?

Answer 12

pairing a neutral stimulus (light) with a conditioned stimulus (bell)

Question 13

What is meant with extinction in classical conditioning?

Answer 13

In the absence of the unconditioned stimulus (food), repeated presentation of the conditional stimulus (bell) alone with result the gradual disappearance or extinction of its conditional response (salvation in response to bell)

Question 14

What is the difference between classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning?

Answer 14

classical conditioning is based on already existing responses, it is about learning the co-occurence of events

Instrumental conditioning is about learning new things, and the relationship between responses and their outcomes

Question 15

What is thorndike’s law of effect?

Answer 15

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 16

What are the 4 phases in skinners experiments with conditioning?

Answer 16

1. pre-conditioning
2. Conditioning (aquisition)
3. post-conditioning
4. extinction

Question 17

What happens during pre-conditioning in skinners experiment?

Answer 17

Baseline rate: animal explores the box it pushes the lever (button) now and then

Question 18

What happens during conditioning in skinners experiment?

Answer 18

whenever it pushes the button, it gets food. It increases the rate of response

Question 19

What happens during post conditioning in skinners experiment?

Answer 19

rate of response: the frequency with which the animal executes the response

Question 20

What happens during extinction in skinners experiment?

Answer 20

if no food is coming after pressing, the rate of response decreases after a while

Question 21

In the model of types of reinforcement what are the 4 stimulus categories?

Answer 21

1. Pleasant stimulus
2. Unpleasant stimulus
3. Delivery of the stimulus following a response
4. Removal of stimulus following a response

Question 22

What happens when you have a pleasant stimulus and the delivery of the stimulus following a response?

Answer 22

Adding a pleasant stimulus
Positive reinforcement; reward.

Increases the rate of response

Question 23

What happens when you have an unpleasant stimulus and the delivery of the stimulus following a response?

Answer 23

Adding an unpleasant stimulus
Punishment.

Decreases the rate of respond

Question 24

What happens when you have a pleasant stimulus and removal of the stimulus following a response?

Answer 24

Removal of a pleasant stimulus
Ommision training, penalty

Decreases the rate of the response

Question 25

What happens when you have an unpleasant stimulus and removal of the stimulus following a response?

Answer 25

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus
Negative reinforcement, relief

Increases the rate of the response

Question 26

What are primary and secondary reinforcers in conditioning?

Answer 26

1. Primary reinforcers: satisfy basic biologic drivers (food, etc.)
2. Secondary reinforcers: are reinforcers that have been (classically) conditioned with a primary one

Question 27

What is partial reinforcement?

Answer 27

Skinner found that the rats of response increased even higher when not every button pushing followed by food (partial reinforcement)

Question 28

What are the four categories in the partial reinforcement schedule?

Answer 28

1. Fixed (left): number of times or amount of time that passes is set
2. Variable (left): number of times or amount of time that passes is random
3. Interval (top): an amount of time Neds to be passed before reinforcement
4. Ratio (top): behavior needs to occur a number of times before reinforcement

Question 29

What happens when you combine fixed and interval in the partial reinforcement schedule?

Answer 29

Fixed interval schedules: reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of times elapsed since the last reinforcement

Question 30

What happens when you combine variable and interval in the partial reinforcement schedule?

Answer 30

Variable interval: reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of time has elapsed since the last reinforcement, with the duration of the interval varying unpredictably

Question 31

What happens when you combine fixed and ratio in the partial reinforcement schedule?

Answer 31

Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses

Question 32

What happens when you combine variable and ratio in the partial reinforcement schedule?

Answer 32

Variable ratio: reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses, with the number varying unpredictably

Question 33

Which schedule evokes the highest response rate in the partial reinforcement schedule?

Answer 33

the variable ratio schedule