Attention & Cognitive load Flashcards
What is a mediator?
Explains the relation between the independent and the dependent variable
What is the moderator?
Is a variable that affects the strength of the relation between the variables
What is the independent variable?
The variable manipulated
What is the dependent variable
The event expected to change when the independent is manipulated
What are characteristics of a good research question?
- You can answer it with an empirical study
- Concepts are unambiguous and can be operationalized
- Not too broad or too narrow
- The relation between constructs are described IV, DV (+ moderator or mediator)
- Realistic
What is cognitive load?
Amount of mental activity imposed on the mind (working memory at any instant)
What is multi sensory integration?
Het vermogen van het centrale zenuw-stelsel om informatie afkomstig van verschillende zintuigen te integreren. Een samenhangende representatie van prikkels die worden opgevangen door verschillende zintuigen zorgt ervoor dat een organisme zich een wezenlijk beeld kan vormen van zijn omgeving
What are multi sensory guidelines?
- Spatial contiguity
- Temporal contiguity
- Semantic congruency
- Corss-modal correspondences
What is spatial contiguity?
- Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented near rather than far from each other on the page or screen
- 2 signals should happen at the same time and come from the same location
What is temporal contiguity?
- Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented simultaneously rather than successively.
- 2 signals should happen at the same time and come from the same location
What is the McGurk effect?
Effect dat optreedt in bepaalde gevallen waarbij visuele eigenschappen met overeenkomen met auditieve aspecten waardoor de interpretatie van de hoorder wordt beïnvloed door beide en er een illusionair resultaat ontstaat
What is semantic congruency ?
Two signals should share identity (e.g. picture of a dog while hearing a bark.)
What is cross-modal correspondences?
Systematic, natural associations between basic stimuli/dimensions (timbre, shape, color) across different modalities.
e.g. audio visual (who is Kiki, who is bouba?)
What is the definition of meaningful learning?
Deep understanding of the material, by attending to important aspect of the presented material in order to mentally organize it into a coherent cognitive structure (mental model) - which is integrated with existing knowledge
What are 3 assumptions about how the mind works in multimedia learning?
- Dual channel
- Limited capacity
- Active processing
What is dual channel?
Humans possess separate information processing channels for verbal and visual material
What is limited capacity?
There is only a limited amount of processing capacity available in the verbal and visual channels
What is active processing?
Learning requires substantial cognitive processing in the verbal and visual channels
What are the 3 types of cognitive load?
- Intrinsic load
- Extraneous load
- Germane load
What is intrinsic load?
Information imposes a heavy cognitive load because of its intrinsic complexity. More difficult task has a larger intrinsic load. Adjusted by what is learned or knowledge level. (want to reduce this load)
What is extraneous load?
Information imposes a heavy cognitive load because of the way it is presented. Adjusted by instructional design.
What is germane load?
Processing and construction of schemas that allow for integration of info and a coherent understanding of the material.
Processing of (new) info by integrating it with previous learning
What are ways of testing cognitive load?
- Self-assessment: measures including self-report measures and subjective rating scales
- Task performance: measures which consider both primary and secondary tasks
- Physiological: Like a EEG
What is nudging?
Using the preference for low cognitive load
Any aspect of the choice architecture that alters people’s decision making behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options
What is seduction?
Additional, highly interesting, but irrelevant info on slides
What are the two systems for decision making?
- System 1: intuitive, fast, effortless
- System 2: effortful, rational, slow
What is type 1 of the overload scenario?
Essential processing in visual channel > cognitive capacity of visual channel.
Visual channel is overloaded by essential processing demand
How can you reduce type 1 of the overload scenario?
- Off-loading: move some essential processing from visual channel to auditory channel
- Modality effect is reached: better transfer words are presented as narration rather than as on-screen text.
What is type 2 of the overload scenario?
Essential processing (in both channels) > cognitive capacity
Both channels are overloaded by essential processing demands
How can you reduce type 2 of the overload scenario?
- Segmenting: allow time between successive bite-size segments –> learner controls the continuation to next segment when ready
- Pre-training: provide pre-training on names and characteristics of components
What is type 3 of the overload scenario?
Essential processing + incidental processing (caused by extraneous material) > cognitive capacity
one or both channels overloaded by essential and incidental processing (attributable for extraneous material)
How can you reduce type 3 of overloaded scenario?
- Weeding: eliminate interesting but extraneous material to reduce processing of extraneous material
- Signaling: provides cues for how to process the material to reduce processing of extraneous material
- Coherence effect: better transfer when extraneous material is excluded
- Signaling effect: better transfer when signals are included
What is type 4 of the overload scenario?
Essential processing + incidental processing (caused by confusing presentation) > cognitive capacity
One or both channels are overloaded by essential and incidental processing
How can you reduce type 4 of overloaded scenario?
- Aligning: place printed word near corresponding parts of graphics to reduce need for visual scanning
- eliminate redundancy: spatial contiguity and redundancy effect
What is type 5 of overloaded scenario?
essential processing + representing holding (intrinsic load) > cognitive capacity
How can you reduce type 5 of overloaded scenario?
- Synchronizing: present narration and corresponding animation simultaneously to minimize need to hold representations in memory
- Individualizing: make sure learners possess skill at holding mental representations temporal contiguity and spatial ability effect
