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Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal > Session 9 - Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Session 9 - Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

How many bacteria are there in the GI tract?

A

• 10^14

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2
Q

Give five functions of normal gut flora

A
  • Synthesise and excrete vitamins
    • Prevent colonisation by pathogens
    • Kill non-indigenous bacteria
    • Stimulate the development of GALT
    • Stimulate production of natural antibodies
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3
Q

What vitamins are synthesised and secreted by gut bacteria?

A
  • K
    • B12
    • Thiamine

Riboflavin

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4
Q

How do gut bacteria prevent colonisation from foreign bacteria?

A
  • Space

* Bacteriosides

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5
Q

Describe the broad categorisation of bacteria present in the GI tract

A

• Cocci/Bacilli
• Gram Positive/Gram Negative
• Aerobic/Anaerobic (Obligate or facultative)
• Some bacteria form protective endospores
○ Bacillus Anthrax
○ Clostridium Tetani
• Bacteria can stick to surfaces using pili and/or slime

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6
Q

What is an obligate aeorobe? Give 2x examples

A
  • Bacteria must have oxygen
    • Pseudomonas
    • Mycobacterium TB
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7
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe? 2x examples

A
  • Die in the presence of oxygen
    • Bacteroides fragillis

Colstridia

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8
Q

What happens to clostridia in the presence of O2?

A

• Forms resilient spores

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9
Q

What is a falcultative anaerobes? 2x examples

A
  • Prefer oxygen but can live without it
    • Gram -‘ve E.coli
    • Gram +’ve Staphylococcus
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10
Q

Give three anaerobic zones in the GI tract

A

• Parts of the mouth
○ Tounge, deep in taste buds, biofilm between teeth
• Small bowel

Colon

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11
Q

Why can the bacteria of the mouth cause nasty/fatal infections?

A

• Anaerobic

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12
Q

List five types of bacteria found in the mouth

A
  • Streptococci
    • Staphlcocci
    • Candida
    • Lactobacillus
    • Enterococcus
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13
Q

Give a streptococcal bacterium of the mouth and the disease it causes

A
  • Streptococcus mutants

* Dental caries/Gingivitie

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14
Q

Give a stayphylococcal bacterium of the mouth and the disease it causes

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus

* Parotitis

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15
Q

Give a candida infection of the mouth

A
  • Candida albicans

* Oral thrush

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16
Q

What does oral bacteria cause in a malnourished, dehydrated or immunosupressed patient?

A

• Noma, tissue destruction of the mouth

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17
Q

What are dental caries?

A
  • Tooth decay

* Acid breaks down enamel of teeth

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18
Q

What is oral thrush (oral candiasis)?

A

• Infection of oral cavity by candida albicans

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19
Q

What is Noma?

A

• Destruction of oral tissue

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20
Q

Give two types of bacteria found in the nose

A

• Staphylococcus and streptococcus

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21
Q

What is the nose used as a swabbing place for? What are the other two places used for this swab?

A
  • MRSA screening swabs

* Throat and perineum also used

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22
Q

What bacteria/fungi are found in the throat?

A
  • Strep viridans
    • Strep pyogenes
    • Strep pnueumonia
    • Staphylococci
    • Neisseria Meningitidis
    • Haemophilus Influenzea
    • Lactobacili
    • Corynebacterium Diptheriae
    • Candida Albicans
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23
Q

What proportion of population is strep viridians found in? Why is it often found in blood?

A
  • 100% of people

* During teeth brushing, dental procedures and general anaethesia

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24
Q

What does strep pyogenes cause?

A

• Tonsilitis (30%, 70% is viral)

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25
What does strep pneumoniae cause?
Community acquired pneumonia (30%)
26
What does haemophilus influenzae cause?
• Community acquired pneumonia
27
What do lactobacili do?
• Make vagina acidic so candida albicans can't grow
28
What does corynebacterium do?
Causes diptheria
29
What does candida albicans do?
• Causes oral/vaginal thrush
30
What are two causes of tonsilitis?
* Viral - 70% | * Bacterial - 30%
31
Give three viruses which cause tonsilitis
* Adenovirus * Rhinovirus * Epstein-barr virus
32
Give a bacterium which causes tonsilitis
Strep pyogenes
33
What is the main bcateria found in the stomach?
• Helicobacteria pyloria ○ At least 50% of world pop infected ○ 10-20% develop gastroduodenal ulcers Associated with 90% of duodenal and 70% of gastric ulcers
34
Give the two most common types of bacteria in colon
• Anaerobes ○ Bacteroides ○ Clostridial
35
Give five bacteria always present in colon
* Bacteroides fragillis * Bacteroides oralis * Bacteroides melaninogenicus * E. Coli – Most common cause of UTI * Enterococcus faecalis – Second most common cause of UTI
36
Give 7 bacteria not previously mentioned sometimes found in colon (gram -'ve)
* Pseudomonas * Proteus * Klebsiella * Salmonella * Shigella * Vibrio cholera * Campylobacter
37
Despite it being sterile, why are surgical procedures on SI considered dirty?
• In infection, bacteria will be present and cause a high risk of wound infection
38
How is surgical wound infection reduced in GI surgery?
• Prophylactic antibiotics which can cover anaerobes, gram -'ve and gram +'ve bacilli.
39
Give an antibiotic which kills anaerobes?
• Metronizasole
40
Give two broad spectrum antibiotics
* Gentamicin | * Cephalosporin
41
Give the antibiotics used in antibiotic prophylaxis for GI surgery
* Metronidazole * Gentamicin * Cephalosporin
42
What are two surgical complication of GI surgery?
* Faecal peritonitis | * Perianal abscess
43
What is faecal peritonitis?
• As a high mortality rate, even in young, fit people, due to the huge numbers of bacteria floating free in the peritoneum
44
What is a perianal abscess?
• Glands in the anal canal produce mucus for lubrication to aid with passing faeces. Infection of them leads to abscess around the anus - perianal abscess
45
What is the normal flora of the vagina?
• Lactobacillus (Gram +'ve Bacilli) is a normal vaginal organism
46
What is lactobacillus?
• Baccilus which converts glycogen into lactic acid, providing an acidic environment to prevent other bacteria and candida albicans from growing
47
What three gut bacteria are found on the perineal skin?
* E.coli * Enterococcus faecalis * Lactobacillus
48
What is bacterioides fragillus not found on perineal skin?
Obligate anaerobes
49
Why do the majority of UTI's occur in women?
• Much shorter distance from the anus to the urethra
50
What is the most common causative organisms of UTI?
* E.coli * Enterococcus faecalis * Thereafter gram -'ve bacteria (Klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas)
51
Name three clostridia bacilli
* Tetani * Difficile Perfringens
52
What does clostridia tetani cause?
Tetanus
53
What does clostridium difficle cause?
• Pseudomembranous colitis ○ Severe inflammation of the colon ○ Arises after anti-biotic treatment ○ Produces spores which are present in hospital
54
What does clostridium perfringens cause?
* Gas/Wet gangrene | * Anaerobic digestion of glucose leads to ethanol + CO2, thus wet or gas gangrene
55
List four types of gastrointestinal infection
* Noro-virus * Gastroenteritis * Cholera * Intestinal parasites
56
What is norovirus?
• A viral infection which causes a short bout of vomiting and diarrhoea
57
What is gastroenteritis?
* May follow consumption of food or drink contaminated with organisms or toxins * Vomiting and diarrhoea common symptoms. Rapid onset.
58
What are the three most common organisms which cause gastroenteritis?
* Salmonella * Campylobacter * Listeria * Staphylococcus Clostridium
59
What organism causes cholera?
• Vibrio cholerae
60
What occurs in cholerae?
* Vibrio cholerae causes increase in permeability of the ileum, leading to massive movement of water and salt into lumen by active secretion * Leads to very serious diarrhoea
61
What does stool in cholera look like?
Cloudy white "rice wate", as it is made up of intestinal secretions and mucus.
62
What does cholera cause?
Rapid, severe dehydration
63
How can cholera be managed?
• Oral rehydration solution
64
What is the difference between bacteraemia and septicaemia?
* Bacteraemia, bacteria are rapidly cleared from blood stream and no symptoms are produced * Sepitcaemia, bacteria are not clearing and multiply in the blood stream. Sepsis symtpoms may develop.
65
discuss the common causes of "travellers diarrhoea"
• Enterotoxinogenic E. Coli is a major cause of travellers diarrhoea in developing countries Caused by heat stable or labile toxins produced from this serotype, which results in severe cholera like watery diarrhoea
66
What are 5 causes of inflammatory bowel disease?
* Ulcerative colitis * Chrohn's disease * Diversion Colitis * Diverticular Colitis * Radiation, drugs, infectious diseases, ischaemic colitis

Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal (28 decks)

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