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Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal > Session 9 - Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Session 9 - Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

How many bacteria are there in the GI tract?

A

• 10^14

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2
Q

Give five functions of normal gut flora

A
  • Synthesise and excrete vitamins
    • Prevent colonisation by pathogens
    • Kill non-indigenous bacteria
    • Stimulate the development of GALT
    • Stimulate production of natural antibodies
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3
Q

What vitamins are synthesised and secreted by gut bacteria?

A
  • K
    • B12
    • Thiamine

Riboflavin

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4
Q

How do gut bacteria prevent colonisation from foreign bacteria?

A
  • Space

* Bacteriosides

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5
Q

Describe the broad categorisation of bacteria present in the GI tract

A

• Cocci/Bacilli
• Gram Positive/Gram Negative
• Aerobic/Anaerobic (Obligate or facultative)
• Some bacteria form protective endospores
○ Bacillus Anthrax
○ Clostridium Tetani
• Bacteria can stick to surfaces using pili and/or slime

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6
Q

What is an obligate aeorobe? Give 2x examples

A
  • Bacteria must have oxygen
    • Pseudomonas
    • Mycobacterium TB
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7
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe? 2x examples

A
  • Die in the presence of oxygen
    • Bacteroides fragillis

Colstridia

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8
Q

What happens to clostridia in the presence of O2?

A

• Forms resilient spores

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9
Q

What is a falcultative anaerobes? 2x examples

A
  • Prefer oxygen but can live without it
    • Gram -‘ve E.coli
    • Gram +’ve Staphylococcus
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10
Q

Give three anaerobic zones in the GI tract

A

• Parts of the mouth
○ Tounge, deep in taste buds, biofilm between teeth
• Small bowel

Colon

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11
Q

Why can the bacteria of the mouth cause nasty/fatal infections?

A

• Anaerobic

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12
Q

List five types of bacteria found in the mouth

A
  • Streptococci
    • Staphlcocci
    • Candida
    • Lactobacillus
    • Enterococcus
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13
Q

Give a streptococcal bacterium of the mouth and the disease it causes

A
  • Streptococcus mutants

* Dental caries/Gingivitie

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14
Q

Give a stayphylococcal bacterium of the mouth and the disease it causes

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus

* Parotitis

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15
Q

Give a candida infection of the mouth

A
  • Candida albicans

* Oral thrush

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16
Q

What does oral bacteria cause in a malnourished, dehydrated or immunosupressed patient?

A

• Noma, tissue destruction of the mouth

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17
Q

What are dental caries?

A
  • Tooth decay

* Acid breaks down enamel of teeth

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18
Q

What is oral thrush (oral candiasis)?

A

• Infection of oral cavity by candida albicans

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19
Q

What is Noma?

A

• Destruction of oral tissue

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20
Q

Give two types of bacteria found in the nose

A

• Staphylococcus and streptococcus

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21
Q

What is the nose used as a swabbing place for? What are the other two places used for this swab?

A
  • MRSA screening swabs

* Throat and perineum also used

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22
Q

What bacteria/fungi are found in the throat?

A
  • Strep viridans
    • Strep pyogenes
    • Strep pnueumonia
    • Staphylococci
    • Neisseria Meningitidis
    • Haemophilus Influenzea
    • Lactobacili
    • Corynebacterium Diptheriae
    • Candida Albicans
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23
Q

What proportion of population is strep viridians found in? Why is it often found in blood?

A
  • 100% of people

* During teeth brushing, dental procedures and general anaethesia

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24
Q

What does strep pyogenes cause?

A

• Tonsilitis (30%, 70% is viral)

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25
Q

What does strep pneumoniae cause?

A

Community acquired pneumonia (30%)

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26
Q

What does haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

• Community acquired pneumonia

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27
Q

What do lactobacili do?

A

• Make vagina acidic so candida albicans can’t grow

28
Q

What does corynebacterium do?

A

Causes diptheria

29
Q

What does candida albicans do?

A

• Causes oral/vaginal thrush

30
Q

What are two causes of tonsilitis?

A
  • Viral - 70%

* Bacterial - 30%

31
Q

Give three viruses which cause tonsilitis

A
  • Adenovirus
    • Rhinovirus
    • Epstein-barr virus
32
Q

Give a bacterium which causes tonsilitis

A

Strep pyogenes

33
Q

What is the main bcateria found in the stomach?

A

• Helicobacteria pyloria
○ At least 50% of world pop infected
○ 10-20% develop gastroduodenal ulcers

Associated with 90% of duodenal and 70% of gastric ulcers

34
Q

Give the two most common types of bacteria in colon

A

• Anaerobes
○ Bacteroides
○ Clostridial

35
Q

Give five bacteria always present in colon

A
  • Bacteroides fragillis
    • Bacteroides oralis
    • Bacteroides melaninogenicus
    • E. Coli – Most common cause of UTI
    • Enterococcus faecalis – Second most common cause of UTI
36
Q

Give 7 bacteria not previously mentioned sometimes found in colon (gram -‘ve)

A
  • Pseudomonas
    • Proteus
    • Klebsiella
    • Salmonella
    • Shigella
    • Vibrio cholera
    • Campylobacter
37
Q

Despite it being sterile, why are surgical procedures on SI considered dirty?

A

• In infection, bacteria will be present and cause a high risk of wound infection

38
Q

How is surgical wound infection reduced in GI surgery?

A

• Prophylactic antibiotics which can cover anaerobes, gram -‘ve and gram +’ve bacilli.

39
Q

Give an antibiotic which kills anaerobes?

A

• Metronizasole

40
Q

Give two broad spectrum antibiotics

A
  • Gentamicin

* Cephalosporin

41
Q

Give the antibiotics used in antibiotic prophylaxis for GI surgery

A
  • Metronidazole
    • Gentamicin
    • Cephalosporin
42
Q

What are two surgical complication of GI surgery?

A
  • Faecal peritonitis

* Perianal abscess

43
Q

What is faecal peritonitis?

A

• As a high mortality rate, even in young, fit people, due to the huge numbers of bacteria floating free in the peritoneum

44
Q

What is a perianal abscess?

A

• Glands in the anal canal produce mucus for lubrication to aid with passing faeces. Infection of them leads to abscess around the anus - perianal abscess

45
Q

What is the normal flora of the vagina?

A

• Lactobacillus (Gram +’ve Bacilli) is a normal vaginal organism

46
Q

What is lactobacillus?

A

• Baccilus which converts glycogen into lactic acid, providing an acidic environment to prevent other bacteria and candida albicans from growing

47
Q

What three gut bacteria are found on the perineal skin?

A
  • E.coli
    • Enterococcus faecalis
    • Lactobacillus
48
Q

What is bacterioides fragillus not found on perineal skin?

A

Obligate anaerobes

49
Q

Why do the majority of UTI’s occur in women?

A

• Much shorter distance from the anus to the urethra

50
Q

What is the most common causative organisms of UTI?

A
  • E.coli
    • Enterococcus faecalis
    • Thereafter gram -‘ve bacteria (Klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas)
51
Q

Name three clostridia bacilli

A
  • Tetani
    • Difficile

Perfringens

52
Q

What does clostridia tetani cause?

A

Tetanus

53
Q

What does clostridium difficle cause?

A

• Pseudomembranous colitis
○ Severe inflammation of the colon
○ Arises after anti-biotic treatment
○ Produces spores which are present in hospital

54
Q

What does clostridium perfringens cause?

A
  • Gas/Wet gangrene

* Anaerobic digestion of glucose leads to ethanol + CO2, thus wet or gas gangrene

55
Q

List four types of gastrointestinal infection

A
  • Noro-virus
    • Gastroenteritis
    • Cholera
    • Intestinal parasites
56
Q

What is norovirus?

A

• A viral infection which causes a short bout of vomiting and diarrhoea

57
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A
  • May follow consumption of food or drink contaminated with organisms or toxins
    • Vomiting and diarrhoea common symptoms. Rapid onset.
58
Q

What are the three most common organisms which cause gastroenteritis?

A
  • Salmonella
    • Campylobacter
    • Listeria
    • Staphylococcus

Clostridium

59
Q

What organism causes cholera?

A

• Vibrio cholerae

60
Q

What occurs in cholerae?

A
  • Vibrio cholerae causes increase in permeability of the ileum, leading to massive movement of water and salt into lumen by active secretion
    • Leads to very serious diarrhoea
61
Q

What does stool in cholera look like?

A

Cloudy white “rice wate”, as it is made up of intestinal secretions and mucus.

62
Q

What does cholera cause?

A

Rapid, severe dehydration

63
Q

How can cholera be managed?

A

• Oral rehydration solution

64
Q

What is the difference between bacteraemia and septicaemia?

A
  • Bacteraemia, bacteria are rapidly cleared from blood stream and no symptoms are produced
    • Sepitcaemia, bacteria are not clearing and multiply in the blood stream. Sepsis symtpoms may develop.
65
Q

discuss the common causes of “travellers diarrhoea”

A

• Enterotoxinogenic E. Coli is a major cause of travellers diarrhoea in developing countries

Caused by heat stable or labile toxins produced from this serotype, which results in severe cholera like watery diarrhoea

66
Q

What are 5 causes of inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  • Ulcerative colitis
    • Chrohn’s disease
    • Diversion Colitis
    • Diverticular Colitis
    • Radiation, drugs, infectious diseases, ischaemic colitis

Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal (28 decks)

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