Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal > Session 7 - Liver, gallbladder and pancreas 2 > Flashcards

Session 7 - Liver, gallbladder and pancreas 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Outline 7 different “toxins” which we willfully put into our GI tract

A
  • Chemical
    • Bacteria
    • Viruses
    • Protozoa
    • Nematodes (Roundworms)
    • Cestodes (Tapeworms)
    • Trematodes (flukes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two overall defence mechanisms available to the GI tract to defend it from toxins

A

• Innate

Adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two parts of the innate immune system?

A
  • Physical

* Cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe 8 physical innate defences

A
  • Sight/smell
    • Memory
    • Saliva
    • Stomach acid
    • Small intestine secretions
    • Colonic mucus
    • Anaerobic environment
    • Peristalsis/Segmentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does sight/smell work as a physical innate defence?

A

• If food looks or smells bad you won’t eat it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does memory work as a physical innate defence?

A

• If food tastes bad, you won’t eat it next time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give three reasons saliva is an integral part of the physical innate defence of the GI tract?

A
  • pH 7.0
    • Contains lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, complement, IgA and polymorphs
    • Washes toxins down into the stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the clinical condition in which there is reduced salivary flow?

A

Xerostomia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give two causes of xerostomia

A
  • Severe illness

* And/or dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does xerostomia cause?

A
  • Microbial overgrowth in the mouth and dental caries

* Parotitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What organism causes parotitis?

A

• Staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does stomach acid serve as a physical innate defence?

A

• Low pH kills the majority of bacteria and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What condition can make the stomach a less effective defence?

A
  • Achlorhydria

* Makes more susceptible to shigellosis, cholera and salmonella infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can cause achlorhydria?

A
  • Pernicous anaemia
    • H2 antagonists

PPIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are people taking PPI’s more at risk of if they have achlorhydria if in hospital?

A

Clostridium difficile infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name three organisms resistant to stomach acid

A
  • Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is resistant to gastric acid (Acid and alcohol fast bacterium)
    • Enteroviruses - Hep A, Polio and Coxsackie are resistant to gastric acid
    • Helicobacter Pylori produces urease which acts on urea to produce a protective cloud of pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What four properties of small intestinal secretions allow it to repel GI invaders

A
  • Bile
    • Proteolytic enzymes
    • Lack of nutrients

Shedding of epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the colonic mucus protect the GI system?

A

Separates epithelial wall from its contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does peristalsis/segmentation prevent GI disease?

A

• Normal intestinal transit time is 12-18 hours. If peristalsis slow, gut infections are prolonged.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give five cellular innate defences of the GI tract

A 
• Neutrophils 
	• Macrophages 
		○ Kupfer cells in the liver
	• Natural killer cells
	• Tissue Mast Cells
	• Eosinophils 
		○ Parasitic infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the hepatic portal system aid in GI defence

A

• All venous blood from the GI tract passes through the liver before returning to systemic circulation

Kupffer cells are specialised macrophages in the liver which clear debris and toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Outline three adaptive cellular defences of the GI tract

A
  • B lymphocytes
    • T lymphocytes
    • Lympatic tissue
23
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

• Produce antibodies including IgA and IgE that are particularly effective against extracellular microbes

24
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?

A

• Directed against intracellular organisms

25
Q

What is mucosal associated lymphoid tissue in the GI tract called?

A

• GALT (Gut associated Lymphoid Tissue)

26
Q

Give three locations of GALT

A
  • Tonsils
    • Peyer’s patches
    • Appendix
27
Q

How can the recruitment of mast cells at the site of an infection in the GI tract cause damage?

A
  • Mast cells release histamine
    • Massive vasodliation and increase in capillarly permeability
    • Fluid loss and dehydration
28
Q

Give a condition where mast cell release of histamine (along with intrinsic toxins) causes massive fluid loss

A

• Cholera

29
Q

Give three conditions associated with GALT

A
  • Tonsilitis
    • Ilecaecal lymphatic tissue
    • Appendicitis
30
Q

Give two infections of the ileocaecal lymphatic tissue

A

• Mesenteric adenitis

Typhoid fever

31
Q

What is mesenteric adenitis and what is it caused by?

A

• Inflammation of mesenteric GALT tissue

Caused by adenovirus/coxsackie virus

32
Q

What are the main symptoms of mesenteric adenitis, and what can it be mistaken for?

A
  • Right iliac fossa pain in children

* Appendicitis

33
Q

What is typhoid fever?

A
  • Caused by Salmonella Typhi
    • Inflamed peyer’s patches in terminal ileum, can perforate and kill patients
    • Intestinal peyer’s patches haemorrhage
34
Q

Give three causes of appendicitis

A
  • Lymphoid hyperplasia at the appendix base
    • Faecolith obstruction
    • Worm obstruction
35
Q

Why is there a higher incidence of appendicitis during outbreaks of chicken pox?

A

• Lymphoid hyperplasia causes obstruction

36
Q

Give three causes of gut ischaemia

A
  • Arterial disease
    • Systemic hypotension

Intestinal venous thrombosis

37
Q

What does gut ischaemia lead to?

A

• Overwhelming sepsis and rapid death

38
Q

What does liver failure increase one’s susceptibility to?

A
  • Infections
    • Toxins
    • Drugs
    • Hormones
39
Q

What is an intrinsic affect of liver failure?

A
  • Increased blood ammonia due to failure of the urea cycle
    • Ammonia produced by colonic bacteria and deamination of amino aids

Can cause hepatic encephalopathy

40
Q

Give five major causes of hepatic liver failure

A 
• Viral hepatitis
	• Alcohol
	• Drugs
		○ Paracetamol, halothane 
	• Industrial solvents

Mushroom poisoning

41
Q

What is the main cause of liver failure in the UK?

A

• Alcohol

42
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

• Hepatocellular necrosis followed by fibrosis

43
Q

What does liver cirrhosis lead to?

A

• Portal venous hypertension, leading to prosystemic shunting and therefore toxin shunting

44
Q

Give three conditions portosystemic shunting leads to

A
  • Oesophageal varicies
    • Haemorrhoids
    • Caput medusa
45
Q

Give the main tributaries of the hepatic portal vein

A
  • Superior mesenteric vein
    • Splenic vein
    • Inferior mesenteric
46
Q

What are bile pigments?

A

• Produced as a result of the break down of haemoglobin (bilirubin)

47
Q

What is the lifecycle of bilirubin?

A

• Conjugated in the liver and secreted in the bild ot be excreted in the faeces

48
Q

What occurs if bilirubin cannot be excreted?

A

• Accumulated in the tissues, causing jaundice

49
Q

Give one hormone the liver breaks down

A

• Insulin

50
Q

What is the most abundant plasma protein?

A

• Albumin

51
Q

What is albumin essential for?

A

• Maintaining oncotic pressure for the distribution of body fluids

52
Q

Name 7 coagulation factors produced by the liver

A
  • I – Fibrinogen
    • II – Prothrombin
    • V
    • VII
    • IX
    • X
    • XI
    • Protein C + S
    • Antithrombin
53
Q

What is thrombopoietin?

A

• A glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow

54
Q

How does the liver generate aminoacids?

A

• Transamination

Semester 3 - Gastrointestinal (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions